Genetic diversity among Plasmodium vivax isolates along the Thai–Myanmar border of Thailand

Maneerattanasak, Sarunya; Gosi, Panita; Krudsood, Srivicha; Tongshoob, Jarinee; Lanteri, Charlotte; Snounou, Georges; Khusmith, Srisin

doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1136-6

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…30 This may be in part due to lower transmission areas having increasing proportions of imported infections, which reflects the MOI and diversity of the infection origin, 22,69,70 and this effect would be enhanced for P. vivax by the fact that relapse can occur 1-3 years after the primary infection. 71 The high complexity of infection for P. vivax regardless of parasite prevalence is also comparable to other studies where high infection complexity and diversity were found even with sustained low parasite prevalence such as in South America 33,72,73 and Sri Lanka. 74,75 Polyclonal infections are common in malariaendemic areas of different countries for both species and can arise from a single mosquito bite carrying multiple clones or from inoculation by different mosquitoes carrying single clones.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…This includes the ability to relapse, 71 the earlier appearance of transmission stages, lower density infections, and a faster acquisition of immunity, 3 the latter two of which may compromise diagnosis and subsequent treatment. Plasmodium vivax also has a wider geographical range due to its ability to develop within the mosquito vector at lower temperatures, 4 and at least in part due to a wider vector range in some endemic regions (though in PNG all local malaria vectors transmit both species).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Higher Complexity of Infection and Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Than Plasmodium falciparum Across All Malaria Transmission Zones of Papua New Guinea

Fola

Harrison

Hazairin

et al. 2017

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax have varying transmission dynamics that are informed by molecular epidemiology. This study aimed to determine the complexity of infection and genetic diversity of P. vivax and P. falciparum throughout Papua New Guinea (PNG) to evaluate transmission dynamics across the country. In 2008-2009, a nationwide malaria indicator survey collected 8,936 samples from all 16 endemic provinces of PNG. Of these, 892 positive P. vivax samples were genotyped at PvMS16 and PvmspF3, and 758 positive P. falciparum samples were genotyped at Pfmsp2. The data were analyzed for multiplicity of infection (MOI) and genetic diversity. Overall, P. vivax had higher polyclonality (71%) and mean MOI (2.32) than P. falciparum (20%, 1.39). These measures were significantly associated with prevalence for P. falciparum but not for P. vivax. The genetic diversity of P. vivax (PvMS16: expected heterozygosity = 0.95, 0.85-0.98; PvMsp1F3: 0.78, 0.66-0.89) was higher and less variable than that of P. falciparum (Pfmsp2: 0.89, 0.65-0.97). Significant associations of MOI with allelic richness (rho = 0.69, P = 0.009) and expected heterozygosity (rho = 0.87, P < 0.001) were observed for P. falciparum. Conversely, genetic diversity was not correlated with polyclonality nor mean MOI for P. vivax. The results demonstrate higher complexity of infection and genetic diversity of P. vivax across the country. Although P. falciparum shows a strong association of these parameters with prevalence, a lack of association was observed for P. vivax and is consistent with higher potential for outcrossing of this species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher Complexity of Infection and Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Than Plasmodium falciparum Across All Malaria Transmission Zones of Papua New Guinea

Fola

Harrison

Hazairin

et al. 2017

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Hha I digestion revealed 56 alleles and H1 allele was most prominent in the Indian sub-continent and was seen in the Type C variant among the Indian isolates. H1 allele in these variants has been reported from other regions of the world, including those from India [ 21 , 63 , 64 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium vivax msp-3α polymorphisms: analysis in the Indian subcontinent

Verma

Joshi

Singh

et al. 2016

Malar J

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BackgroundPlasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed human malaria parasite and accounts for approximately the same number of malaria cases as Plasmodium falciparum in India. Compared with P. falciparum, P. vivax is difficult to eradicate because of its tendency to cause relapses, which impacts treatment and control strategies. The genetic diversity of these parasites, particularly of the merozoite surface protein-3 alpha (msp-3α) gene, can be used to help develop a potential vaccine. The present study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of P. vivax using the highly polymorphic antigen gene msp-3α and to assess the suitability of using this gene for population genetic studies of P. vivax isolates and was carried out in 2004–06. No recent study has been reported for MSP 3α in the recent decade in India. Limited reports are available on the genetic diversity of the P. vivax population in India; hence, this report aimed to improve the understanding of the molecular epidemiology of the parasite by studying the P. vivax msp-3α (Pvmsp-3α) marker from P. vivax field isolates from India.MethodsField isolates were collected from different sites distributed across eight states in India. A total of 182 blood samples were analysed by a nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique using the HhaI and AluI restriction enzymes to determine genetic msp-3α variation among clinical P. vivax isolates.ResultsBased on the length variants of the PCR products of Pvmsp-3α gene, three allele sizes, Type A (1.8 kb), Type B (1.5 kb) and Type C (1.2 kb) were detected among the 182 samples. Type A PCR amplicon was more predominant (75.4 %) in the samples compared with the Type B (14.3 %) and Type C (10.0 %) polymorphisms. Among all of the samples analysed, 8.2 % were mixed infections detected by PCR alone. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis involving the restriction enzymes AluI and HhaI generated fragment sizes that were highly polymorphic and revealed substantial diversity at the nucleotide level.ConclusionsThe present study is the first extensive study in India using the Pvmsp-3α marker. The results indicated that Pvmps-3α, a polymorphic genetic marker of P. vivax, exhibited considerable variability in infection prevalence in field isolates from India. Additionally, the mean multiplicity of infection observed at all of the study sites indicated that P. vivax is highly diverse in nature in India, and Pvmsp-3α is likely an effective and promising epidemiological marker.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1524-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Understanding the genetic diversity of malaria parasites from different regions is important for studies on population dynamics and is also valuable in discriminating parasite clones from infected individuals and tracing the origin of parasites [ 2 , 3 ]. Currently, several genetic markers have been used to study P. vivax populations’genetic diversity [ 4 – 7 ], the most popular being P. vivax merozoite surface protein 1 ( PvMSP-1 ). PvMSP-1 is an important protein for erythrocyte invasion, and thus vaccine research, which is encoded by the PvMSP-1 gene with approximately 1 720 amino acids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies investigating the genetic diversity of P. vivax have focused on samples in a particular geographic region [ 6 , 7 , 12 , 18 ]. Only a few studies were implemented to compare samples from different regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax revealed by the merozoite surface protein-1 icb5-6 fragment

et al. 2017

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Background Plasmodium vivax remains a potential cause of morbidity and mortality for people living in its endemic areas. Understanding the genetic diversity of P. vivax from different regions is valuable for studying population dynamics and tracing the origins of parasites. The PvMSP-1 gene is highly polymorphic and has been used as a marker in many P. vivax population studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of the PvMSP-1 gene icb5-6 fragment and to provide more genetic polymorphism data for further studies on P. vivax population structure and tracking of the origin of clinical cases.MethodsNested PCR and sequencing of the PvMSP-1 icb5-6 marker were performed to obtain the nucleotide sequences of 95 P. vivax isolates collected from Zhejiang province, China. To investigate the genetic diversity of PvMSP-1, the 95 nucleotide sequences of the PvMSP-1 icb5-6 fragment were genotyped and analyzed using DnaSP v5, MEGA software.ResultsThe 95 P. vivax isolates collected from Zhejiang province were either indigenous cases or imported cases from different regions around the world. A total of 95 sequences ranging from 390 to 460 bp were obtained. The 95 sequences were genotyped into four allele-types (Sal I, Belem, R-III and R-IV) and 17 unique haplotypes. R-III and Sal I were the predominant allele-types. The haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (Pi) were estimated to be 0.729 and 0.062, indicating that the PvMSP-1 icb5-6 fragment had the highest level of polymorphism due to frequent recombination processes and single nucleotide polymorphism. The values of dN/dS and Tajima’s D both suggested neutral selection for the PvMSP-1icb5-6 fragment. In addition, a rare recombinant style of R-IV type was identified.ConclusionsThis study presented high genetic diversity in the PvMSP-1 marker among P. vivax strains from around the world. The genetic data is valuable for expanding the polymorphism information on P. vivax, which could be helpful for further study on population dynamics and tracking the origin of P. vivax.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-017-0302-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Genetic diversity among Plasmodium vivax isolates along the Thai–Myanmar border of Thailand

Cited by 16 publications

References 41 publications

Higher Complexity of Infection and Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Than Plasmodium falciparum Across All Malaria Transmission Zones of Papua New Guinea

Higher Complexity of Infection and Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Than Plasmodium falciparum Across All Malaria Transmission Zones of Papua New Guinea

Plasmodium vivax msp-3α polymorphisms: analysis in the Indian subcontinent

Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax revealed by the merozoite surface protein-1 icb5-6 fragment

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