Genetic divergence and interactions in the wild among native, farmed and hybrid Atlantic salmon

Einum, Sigurd

doi:10.1006/jfbi.1996.0330

Cited by 124 publications

(209 citation statements)

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“…The differences between the wild Vindelälven samples and nine baseline hatchery populations were highly significant (Po0.001) for all pairwise comparisions using exact tests. Significant differentiation between the Vindelälven and the nine hatchery samples was also detected in the test based on permuting individuals between samples (F ST ¼ 0.01-0.117; Po0.05), except for the pairwise comparison of VIN 1985, 1986, 1988and IND 1995, 1997 sample (F ST ¼ 0.001; P40.05) ( Table 2). Genetic diversity indices Spatio-temporal analysis of immigration in salmon…”

Section: H-w Equilibrium and Level Of Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…We showed that a large Table 2 Tests for genetic differentiation between pairs of samples based on six microsatellite loci TOR 1 994, 1995IIJ 1997OUL 1997LUL 1995, 1997SKE 1995, 1996Å NG 1995IND 1995, 1997LJU 1997, 1998VIN 1985, 1986, 1988VIN 1993, 1995 …”

Section: Sources Of Immigrantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This effect is of particular concern in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) because both intentional and unintentional (eg farm escapes) introductions are common throughout its distribution. The proportion of escaped Atlantic salmon from the aquaculture industry has been estimated to comprise 20-40% of salmon caught in the salmon fishery of North Atlantic (Hansen et al, 1999), and hybridization between domesticated and wild fish has been generally recognized as a severe threat to indigenous gene pools of native populations (eg Hindar et al, 1991;Einum and Fleming, 1997;McGinnity et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extensive immigration from compensatory hatchery releases into wild Atlantic salmon population in the Baltic sea: spatio-temporal analysis over 18 years

et al. 2005

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Genetic homogenization has been recognized as a serious threat in an increasing number of species, including many salmonid fishes. We assessed the rate and impact of immigration from the main hatchery stocks of Atlantic salmon in the Gulf of Bothnia into one of the largest wild salmon populations in the Baltic Sea, the River Vindelä lven, within a temporal framework of 18 years (from 1985-2003). We provide genetic evidence based on mtDNA and microsatellite markers, using mixed-stock analysis, that a large proportion (66%) of fin-damaged spawners (n ¼ 181) caught in the Ume/ Vindelä lven during 1997-2003 originated from the hatcheries in the Rivers Å ngermanä lven, Luleä lven and Ljusnan. The maximum-likelihood estimate of immigration rate from these hatcheries into the wild Vindelä lven population was 0.068 (95% CI 0.021-0.128) over the studied time period (1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003) and reached up to a quarter (m ¼ 0.249, 95% CI 0.106-0.419) of the total population during 1993-2000. This resulted in significant (Po0.01) genetic homogenization trend between the wild Vindelä lven population and hatchery stocks of the Å ngermanä lven and Luleä lven. Our results demonstrate extensive straying from geographically distant hatchery releases into wild salmon population and emphasize the genetic risks associated with current large-scale stocking practices in the Baltic Sea. Heredity (2005) 95, 76-83.

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Section: H-w Equilibrium and Level Of Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Sources Of Immigrantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extensive immigration from compensatory hatchery releases into wild Atlantic salmon population in the Baltic sea: spatio-temporal analysis over 18 years

et al. 2005

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“…For example, artificial selection for economically desirable traits such as faster growth and delayed maturity has been applied to many farm strains (Gjøen and Bentsen, 1997;Gjedrem, 2000). The domestication process can also lead to rapid genetic changes in farm populations as a result of unintentional selection on non-target traits, for example, increased aggression, higher risk-taking and altered feeding behaviours (Einum and Fleming, 1997;Fleming et al, 2002;Houde et al, 2010), or as a result of relaxed selection and genetic drift because of propagation with a limited number of broodstock (Lynch and O'Hely, 2001). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying heritable variation in fitness-related traits of wild, farmed and hybrid Atlantic salmon families in a wild river environment

et al. 2015

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Farmed fish are typically genetically different from wild conspecifics. Escapees from fish farms may contribute one-way gene flow from farm to wild gene pools, which can depress population productivity, dilute local adaptations and disrupt coadapted gene complexes. Here, we reanalyse data from two experiments (McGinnity et al., 1997(McGinnity et al., , 2003 where performance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) progeny originating from experimental crosses between farm and wild parents (in three different cohorts) were measured in a natural stream under common garden conditions. Previous published analyses focussed on group-level differences but did not account for pedigree structure, as we do here using modern mixed-effect models. Offspring with one or two farm parents exhibited poorer survival in their first and second year of life compared with those with two wild parents and these group-level inferences were robust to excluding outlier families. Variation in performance among farm, hybrid and wild families was generally similar in magnitude. Farm offspring were generally larger at all life stages examined than wild offspring, but the differences were moderate (5-20%) and similar in magnitude in the wild versus hatchery environments. Quantitative genetic analyses conducted using a Bayesian framework revealed moderate heritability in juvenile fork length and mass and positive genetic correlations (40.85) between these morphological traits. Our study confirms (using more rigorous statistical techniques) previous studies showing that offspring of wild fish invariably have higher fitness and contributes fresh insights into family-level variation in performance of farm, wild and hybrid Atlantic salmon families in the wild. It also adds to a small, but growing, number of studies that estimate key evolutionary parameters in wild salmonid populations. Such information is vital in modelling the impacts of introgression by escaped farm salmon.

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“…Usually, hatchery organisms are fed to satiation, unlike wild organisms which must actively forage for prey under risk of predation (Gilliam and Fraser, 1987). Therefore, hatchery-reared individuals may be released in better physiological condition and with higher growth rates (Stoner and Davis, 1994;Einum and Fleming, 1997) than wild animals. In some past cases, increased growth rates may actually have been genetic in origin since individuals with the highest growth rates were often selected as candidates for broodstock (Barber et al, 1998).…”

Section: Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Hatchery-Reared Blue Crabs Differ from Wild Crabs, and Does it Matter?

Young

Johnson

Davis

et al. 2008

Reviews in Fisheries Science

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Genetic divergence and interactions in the wild among native, farmed and hybrid Atlantic salmon

Cited by 124 publications

References 0 publications

Extensive immigration from compensatory hatchery releases into wild Atlantic salmon population in the Baltic sea: spatio-temporal analysis over 18 years

Extensive immigration from compensatory hatchery releases into wild Atlantic salmon population in the Baltic sea: spatio-temporal analysis over 18 years

Quantifying heritable variation in fitness-related traits of wild, farmed and hybrid Atlantic salmon families in a wild river environment

Do Hatchery-Reared Blue Crabs Differ from Wild Crabs, and Does it Matter?

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