Genetic differentiation of eastern wolves in Algonquin Park despite bridging gene flow between coyotes and grey wolves

Rutledge, Linda Y.; Garroway, Colin J.; Loveless, Karen M.; Patterson, Brent R.

doi:10.1038/hdy.2010.6

Cited by 87 publications

(217 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Moreover, assignments are more variable in Great Lakes wolves, ranging from about 50% to 100% gray wolf ancestry (Fig. 4), suggesting a more heterogeneous process of admixture, with some individuals largely free of coyote ancestry, especially in more western populations (Koblmüller et al 2009;Rutledge et al 2010a). Notably, the distinctive wolves of Algonquin Provincial Park in central Ontario that have the archetypical C1 mtDNA haplotype thought to be representative of the Great Lakes wolf taxon (Wilson et al 2000;Kyle et al 2006) have the largest proportion of their genome assigned to coyotes.…”

Section: Relationships and Admixture Of Enigmatic Wolf-like Canidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6C,D). Finally, the phenotypically distinct Algonquin wolf (n = 2), suggested as the last remaining population retaining a substantial component of the Eastern wolf genome (Rutledge et al 2010a), had a highly admixed genome with an average of 58.1% 6 2.2 derived from gray wolves and the remainder from coyotes (e.g., Fig. 6E; Supplemental Table S5).…”

Section: Ancestry Blocks and Assignmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A genome-wide perspective on the evolutionary history of enigmatic wolf-like canids

vonHoldt¹,

Pollinger²,

Earl³

et al. 2011

Genome Res.

275

443

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High-throughput genotyping technologies developed for model species can potentially increase the resolution of demographic history and ancestry in wild relatives. We use a SNP genotyping microarray developed for the domestic dog to assay variation in over 48K loci in wolf-like species worldwide. Despite the high mobility of these large carnivores, we find distinct hierarchical population units within gray wolves and coyotes that correspond with geographic and ecologic differences among populations. Further, we test controversial theories about the ancestry of the Great Lakes wolf and red wolf using an analysis of haplotype blocks across all 38 canid autosomes. We find that these enigmatic canids are highly admixed varieties derived from gray wolves and coyotes, respectively. This divergent genomic history suggests that they do not have a shared recent ancestry as proposed by previous researchers. Interspecific hybridization, as well as the process of evolutionary divergence, may be responsible for the observed phenotypic distinction of both forms. Such admixture complicates decisions regarding endangered species restoration and protection.

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Section: Relationships and Admixture Of Enigmatic Wolf-like Canidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ancestry Blocks and Assignmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A genome-wide perspective on the evolutionary history of enigmatic wolf-like canids

vonHoldt¹,

Pollinger²,

Earl³

et al. 2011

Genome Res.

275

443

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show abstract

“…Wolves in this range were nearly exterminated and, by the 1970s, the only known wolves that remained in the conterminous United States were in northeastern Minnesota ( Figure 1 of this paper; Mech 1974). At about this time, wolves had also been eliminated from most of southern Ontario and Quebec (Mech 1974) and replaced by a population of coyotes that had been influenced by hybridization with wolves (Kolenosky and Standfield 1975;Rutledge et al 2010b). Wolves have subsequently expanded their range in Minnesota and reoccupied Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.…”

Section: Species Limits Of Canis Lupus Relative To Eastern Wolfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The microsatellite data also distinguish eastern wolves from western C. lupus in neighborjoining trees (Roy et al 1994;Garcia-Moreno et al 1996;Wilson et al 2000), multidimensional scaling (Roy et al 1994;Garcia-Moreno et al 1996; Figure 4 of this paper), log likelihood (Wilson et al 2000), factorial correspondence (Wheeldon et al 2010), probability of identity (Wilson et al 2000), and STRUCTURE analyses (Koblmtller et al 2009a;Wilson et al 2009;Fain et al 2010;Wheeldon et al 2010). Eastern wolves are also distinguishable in studies that include C. lupus from northern Ontario (Rutledge et al 2010b). Despite the expectation that linearity between genetic distance measures and geographic separation is lost when samples are far apart (Paetkau et al 1997;Schwartz and McKelvey 2009), genetic distance measures are greater for comparisons between western gray wolves and eastern wolves than for comparisons between paired samples with substantial eastern wolf composition (Table 3).…”

Section: Species Limits Of Canis Lupus Relative To Eastern Wolfmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses

Chambers

Fain

Fazio

et al. 2012

North American Fauna

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The available scientific literature was reviewed to assess the taxonomic standing of North American wolves, including subspecies of the gray wolf, Canis lupus. The recent scientific proposal that the eastern wolf, C. l. lycaon, is not a subspecies of gray wolf, but a full species, Canis lycaon, is well-supported by both morphological and genetic data. This species' range extends westward to Minnesota, and it hybridizes with gray wolves where the two species are in contact in eastern Canada and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Genetic data support a close relationship between eastern wolf and red wolf Canis rufus, but do not support the proposal that they are the same species; it is more likely that they evolved independently from different lineages of a common ancestor with coyotes. The genetic distinctiveness of the Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi supports its recognition as a subspecies. The available genetic and morphometric data do not provide clear support for the recognition of the Arctic wolf Canis lupus arctos, but the available genetic data are almost entirely limited to one group of genetic markers (microsatellite DNA) and are not definitive on this question. Recognition of the northern timber wolf Canis lupus occidentalis and the plains wolf Canis lupus nubilus as subspecies is supported by morphological data and extensive studies of microsatellite DNA variation where both subspecies are in contact in Canada. The wolves of coastal areas in southeastern Alaska and British Columbia should be assigned to C. lupus nubilus. There is scientific support for the taxa recognized here, but delineation of exact geographic boundaries presents challenges. Rather than sharp boundaries between taxa, boundaries should generally be thought of as intergrade zones of variable width.

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“…Even so, coyotes and wolves are classified as separated species, being reproductively isolated according to Rutledge et al [19]. Rutledge and coworkers demonstrate that Canis lycaon, the eastern wolf, is a genetic bridge between C. latrans and C. lupus [20]. However, given that in the most cladistic analysis Canis latrans is a Canis lupus (paraphyletic in this case), it would not be a surprise to find out that they do directly interbreed.…”

Section: Hybrid Origin Of Canis Rufus: Hybrid Zones and Hybrid Speciamentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Animal Hybridization’s Role in Evolution and Conservation: Canis rufus (Audubon and Bachman) 1851—A Case Study

Pêgas¹

2013

ISRN Zoology

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Canis rufus is an example of animal whose conservational needs have been questioned because of its possible hybrid status. Control of hybridization has been defended and done in the wild to theoretically save the species. However, control of hybridization may not be the solution. Hybridization may be a phenomenon misconceived by many modern evolutionary biologists, and conservation guidelines over control on anthropogenic impacts may need revisions in order to respect the new perspectives on hybridization's role in evolution. The term "cladogamy" is being proposed to substitute "hybridization" and to refer to the crossing between two any given clades, due to difficulties from scientists and eventual arbitrary means of separating species from lower taxa.

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Genetic differentiation of eastern wolves in Algonquin Park despite bridging gene flow between coyotes and grey wolves

Cited by 87 publications

References 56 publications

A genome-wide perspective on the evolutionary history of enigmatic wolf-like canids

A genome-wide perspective on the evolutionary history of enigmatic wolf-like canids

An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses

A Review on Animal Hybridization’s Role in Evolution and Conservation: Canis rufus (Audubon and Bachman) 1851—A Case Study

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