Genetic Control of Flower Development by Homeotic Genes in
            <i>Antirrhinum majus</i>

Schwarz‐Sommer, Zsuzsanna; Huijser, Peter; Nacken, Wolfgang; Saedler, Heinz; Sommer, Hans

doi:10.1126/science.250.4983.931

Cited by 811 publications

(485 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This contrasts with recent progress in elucidation of control of development of other floral organs, where analysis offloral homeotic mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana and Antirrhinum majus has led to the formulation of two similar models for genetic determination of the identity of the four major floral organs (4)(5)(6)(7)(8). In Arabidopsis, at least five genes-APETALA1 (API), AP-ETALA2 (AP2), APETALA3 (AP3), PISTILLATA (PI), and AGAMOUS (AG)-are responsible for this determination (5,(8)(9)(10)(11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Our observation that ovule integuments can be converted to a carpel by the loss of a single gene may have implications for theories on the evolutionary origins of integuments and carpels, a topic that remains controversial (1,2,32). In combination with ongoing research on the determination of major floral organs (4)(5)(6)(7)(8), further studies on bell and on additional mutations affecting ovule development will allow construction of increasingly predictive and accurate molecular-genetic models of flower and ovule ontogeny.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Arabidopsis floral homeotic gene BELL (BEL1) controls ovule development through negative regulation of AGAMOUS gene (AG).

Ray

Robinson-Beers²,

Ray³

et al. 1994

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

121

104

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Ovules are the developmental precursors of seeds. In angiosperms the ovules are enclosed within the central floral organs, the carpels. We have identified a homeotic mutation in Arabidopsis, "bell" (bell), which causes transormation of ovule integuments into carpels. In situ hybridization analysis shows that this mutation leads to increased expression of the carpel-determining homeotic gene AGAMOUS (AG) A typical angiosperm flower includes four major organ types-sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. The carpels include an additional set of distinct internal structures, the ovules. As the precursors of seeds, ovules play an essential role in higher plant sexual reproduction. Ovules are also found in gymnosperms, which lack carpels, and fossil evidence of angiosperm ancestors demonstrates that ovules precede the evolution of carpels (1-3). Thus, ovules evolved first, with subsequent evolution ofthe enclosing carpel. From this perspective, ovules can be viewed as separate floral organs, which, in angiosperms, develop from and are enclosed within the carpels.Little is known concerning the genetic control of determination and differentiation of ovules. This contrasts with recent progress in elucidation of control of development of other floral organs, where analysis offloral homeotic mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana and Antirrhinum majus has led to the formulation of two similar models for genetic determination of the identity of the four major floral organs (4-8). In Arabidopsis, at least five genes-APETALA1 (API), AP-ETALA2 (AP2), APETALA3 (AP3), PISTILLATA (PI), and AGAMOUS (AG)-are responsible for this determination (5,(8)(9)(10)(11). Several of these genes have now been cloned and found to be homologous to known transcription factors identified in yeast and mammals (12)(13)(14)(15). One of these genes, AG, important for carpel identity (5,8,16), is also potentially involved in ovule development. The expression ofAG occurs both early and late in flower development (16 (20). Mapping relative to RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) (21) was performed on F2 progeny (96 chromosomes analyzed) from a bell-l/bell-l Ler x Co-3 cross. RFLP probes were M247 (Bgl II digestions) and g4028 (HindIII digestions). To determine the frequency ofintegument-to-carpel transformation in different alleles, ovules in >150 pistils from at least three different plants for each allele were scored for carpelloid features.Microscopy and in Situ Hybridization. Scanning electron microscopy was performed as described (17). In situ hybridization was carried out as described earlier (22 (16) were treated in the same experiment. Only exposures providing subsaturated grains were counted. For wild-type ovules, the area delimited by the endothelium and the embryo sac was not counted. The mean grain surface density (+SD) before background correction in the integument area on sections of wild-type ovules probed with anti-AG was 0.029 (±0.007) (10 ovules counted), and that for bell-i ovules with the same probe was 0.076 (+0.046) (13 ...

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mentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arabidopsis floral homeotic gene BELL (BEL1) controls ovule development through negative regulation of AGAMOUS gene (AG).

Ray

Robinson-Beers²,

Ray³

et al. 1994

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

121

104

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“…For example, developmental mutants of large and epistatic effect are sometimes observed by developmental biologists and have been elegantly used to clarify processes of floral development (e.g., Schwarz-Sommer et a!., 1991). Other within-species studies have revealed that single gene mutations are responsible for changes in timing and rates of development in nematodes (Ambros, 1988) and tomato floral characters (Sawhney, 1992).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The genetics of floral development differentiating two species of Mimulus (Scrophulariaceae)

Fenster

Diggle

Barrett³

et al. 1995

Heredity

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Investigation of the developmental processes responsible for the evolution of the small-flowered, highly selfing Mimulus micranthus from its large-flowered, mixed-mating progenitor M guttatus, revealed M. micranthus to have both a shorter duration and a higher rate of bud development. Hence flowers of M. micranthus can be considered as progenetic forms of M. guttatus. Genetic analysis of F1, F2 and backcross generations derived from the cross M. micranthus X M. guttatus provided no evidence for major gene control of development processes responsible for differentiating the two taxa. Furthermore, F2 segregation patterns suggest that duration and rate of development may be genetically independent of one another. Hence, the evolution of small-flowered selfing taxa in Mimulus may reflect selection for rapid development.

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“…Each MADS-box protein contains a DNAbinding domain, known as a MADS box, which consists of 57 strongly conserved amino acids (Schwarz-Sommer et al, 1990;Ma et al, 1991). MADS-box proteins play key roles as transcription factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Characterization of a MADS-box Gene cDNA, PnMADS1, That is Expressed in Both Vegetative and Floral Meristems of Pharbitis nil.

Ono

Sage-Ono

Maruyama

et al. 2000

Plant Biotechnology

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A novel cDNA corresponding to a gene designated PnMADSJ and encoding a MADS-box protein was isolated from the short-day plant Pharbitis nil (Japanese morning glory) cv. Violet. Phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequence encoded by PnMADSI indicated that PnMADS1 does not belong to any of the major sub-groups of MADS-box proteins. The protein exhibited some similarity to proteins in the so-called 'orphan group' of unclassified MADS-box proteins that are mainly expressed in vegetative organs. The most similar MADS-box genes were AGL24 and StMADS16 (53.2% and 52.3% identity at the deduced amino-acid level, respectively). We obtained evidence that PnMADSI mRNA accumulates in both vegetative and floral meristems but not in any other vegetative organs. Our results indicate that PnMADS 1 is a novel MADS -box protein in terms of both structure and pattern of expression.

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Genetic Control of Flower Development by Homeotic Genes in Antirrhinum majus

Cited by 811 publications

References 25 publications

Arabidopsis floral homeotic gene BELL (BEL1) controls ovule development through negative regulation of AGAMOUS gene (AG).

Arabidopsis floral homeotic gene BELL (BEL1) controls ovule development through negative regulation of AGAMOUS gene (AG).

The genetics of floral development differentiating two species of Mimulus (Scrophulariaceae)

Isolation and Characterization of a MADS-box Gene cDNA, PnMADS1, That is Expressed in Both Vegetative and Floral Meristems of Pharbitis nil.

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