Genetic Contributions to Adolescents' Extrafamilial Social Interactions: Teachers, Best Friends, and Peers

Manke, Beth; McGuire, Shirley; Reiss, David; Hetherington, E. Mavis; Plomin, Robert

doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.1995.tb00064.x

Cited by 81 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Our findings are thus thought to provide evidence that the non-shared environment plays a systematic role, albeit a small one, in the development of AAB from late adolescence through adulthood. Although the current study cannot provide clues as to the specific nature of these influences, they could take the form of direct non-shared environmental influences, such as peers or spouses (Manke et al 1995;Krueger et al 1998), or may reflect twin-specific geneenvironment interactions (Purcell, 2002), in which environmental influences activate or suppress genetic predispositions towards AAB. Future research should seek to further clarify the role of the non-shared environment on behavioral outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

The different origins of stability and change in antisocial personality disorder symptoms

2006

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Background-Although adult antisocial personality disorder is generally preceded by a pattern of childhood/adolescent conduct problems, only a subset of those who manifest these developmental precursors go on exhibit significant antisocial behavior in adulthood. To date, however, researchers have yet to resolve the origins of either stability or change in antisocial behavior from childhood/ adolescence to adulthood.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

The different origins of stability and change in antisocial personality disorder symptoms

2006

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“…At Time 1 both parents reported on the peer group characteristics of college orientation, delinquent behavior, substance use and popularity for each of their children. When this measure was examined for genetic and environmental influences, it was found to be highly heritable, with little evidence of shared environmental influences for any of the subscales (Manke et al, 1995). At Time 2, adolescents also reported on their peer group characteristics, and although genetic influences were still indicated for college orientation and peer popularity, the majority of the variance could be explained by nonshared environmental influences (Iervolino et al, 2002).…”

Section: Genetic and Environmental Influences On Peer Group Charactermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development (NEAD) Project: A Longitudinal Family Study of Twins and Siblings from Adolescence to Young Adulthood

Neiderhiser¹,

Reiss

Hetherington

2007

Twin Res Hum Genet

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The Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development (NEAD) project is a longitudinal study of twins/siblings and parents that has been assessed 3 times: middle adolescence, late adolescence and young adulthood (N = 720 families at Time 1). Siblings varied in degree of genetic relatedness including identical twins, fraternal twins, full siblings, half siblings and genetically unrelated (or step) siblings. There were also two family types: nondivorced and step. A multimeasure, multirater approach was taken in NEAD, with data collected from all participants (2 twins or siblings, mother and father) as well as from coded videotaped observations of family interactions. Detailed assessments of family relationships, adolescent adjustment and competence were collected at all 3 times. The original aim of NEAD was to identify systematic sources of nonshared environmental influences that contribute to differences among family members. Although systematic sources of nonshared environmental influences were not found in NEAD, three major sets of findings emerged: (1) genetic influences on family relationships and on associations between family relationships and adolescent adjustment; (2) genetic and environmental influences on adolescent adjustment, comorbidity and stability and change in adolescent adjustment from middle to late adolescence; and (3) genetic influences on relationships outside the family.

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“…Har ris antici pates that re search will con firm the im pact of peers: although ge netic in flu ence is in volved in choos ing and be ing cho sen by friends and peers (50)(51)(52)(53), a re cent re port in volving both NEAD and an adop tion study found that peer groups largely in volve non shared en vi ron ment in de pend ent of ge net ics, as pre dicted by Har ris (54). None the less, non shared en vi ron ment ap pears to be pres ent early in life, long be fore chil dren ex pe ri ence peer in flu ence, which im plies that nonshared en vi ron mental fac tors may dif fer from age to age-a topic to which we shall re turn.…”

Section: The Fu Turementioning

confidence: 99%

Why are Children in the Same Family So Different? Nonshared Environment a Decade Later

2001

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Ob jec tive: To re view re cent de vel op ments in the study of non shared en vi ron ment; that is, the en vi r on mental in flu ences Con clu sions: De spite the dif fi cul ties en coun tered in iden ti fy ing spe cific sources of non shared en vi ron ment, the fact re mains that most en vi ron mental vari ance af fect ing the de vel op ment of psy cho logi cal di men sions and psy chi at ric dis or ders is not shared by chil dren grow ing up in the same fam ily. More re search and the ory are needed to ex plain why such sib lings are so dif fer ent.Chance, in the sense of idio syn cratic ex pe ri ences, also needs to be con sid ered. O ne of the most im por tant dis cov er ies aris ing from behavioural-genetic re search con cerns nur ture rather than na ture. Behavioural-genetic re search pro vides the best avail able evi dence for the im por tance of en vi ron mental in fluences, but it shows that the en vi ron ment works in a sur pris ing way. Al though so ciali za tion theo ries as sume that the en viron ment of the fam ily unit in flu ences psy cho logi cal de vel opment, with the re sult that shared ex pe ri ences lead to simi lari ties among sib lings, behavioural-genetics re search con sis tently in di cates that chil dren grow ing up in the same fam ily do not share ef fec tive en vi ron mental in flu ences. It is not shared ex pe ri ences, but shared ge net ics, that make siblings re sem ble one an other. In deed, with re gard to psy chologi cal de vel op ment, en vi ron ment makes sib lings no more simi lar to one an other than to chil dren picked at ran dom from the gen eral popu la tion. This phe nome non-the fact that effec tive en vi ron ments are not shared-has been termed "nonshared en vi ron ment."Our goal is to re view re cent de vel op ments in this field and point to new di rec tions for re search. We be gin with a brief over view of the phe nome non of non shared en vi ron ment. The PhenomenonNon shared en vi ron ment lay hid den within behaviouralgenetic stud ies since such stud ies be gan 80 years ago. Twin stud ies and adop tion stud ies were de signed to dis en tan gle the ele ments of na ture and nur ture in fa mil ial re sem blance. For ex am ple, schizo phre nia runs in fami lies, and en vi ron men talists had as sumed that it does so for en vi ron mental rea sons: fam ily mem bers share the same schizo phre no genic en vi ronment. Twin stud ies and adop tion stud ies test this as sump tion by study ing fam ily mem bers who share na ture or nur ture to vary ing de grees. Al though most rele vant evi dence has come

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Genetic Contributions to Adolescents' Extrafamilial Social Interactions: Teachers, Best Friends, and Peers

Cited by 81 publications

References 45 publications

The different origins of stability and change in antisocial personality disorder symptoms

The different origins of stability and change in antisocial personality disorder symptoms

The Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development (NEAD) Project: A Longitudinal Family Study of Twins and Siblings from Adolescence to Young Adulthood

Why are Children in the Same Family So Different? Nonshared Environment a Decade Later

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