Genetic Characterization of the M RNA Segment of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Strains, China

Papa, Anna; Ma, Benjiang; Kouidou, Sofia; Tang, Qing; Hang, Changshou; Ántoniadis, Antonis

doi:10.3201/eid0801.010087

Cited by 82 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Also, strains from China are known to be greatly divergent from African strains. Two Chinese strains (BA66019 and BA8402) exhibited a 15% difference in nucleotide sequence in the S segment and a mean difference of 22% in the M segment from those of the Nigerian strain IbAr 10200 (Papa et al, 2002c). Additionally, a strain from southern Russia (STV/HU29223) and one from Uzbekistan (TI10145) differed in their S segment sequence by 14.9% and 13.2%, respectively, from the Nigerian IbAr 10200.…”

Section: Strain Variation and Phylogenetic Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first published characterization of the CCHFV M RNA segment was of the Chinese strains, BA66019 and BA8402, isolated in 1965 and 1984 from a CCHF patient and Hyalomma spp. ticks, respectively (Papa et al, 2002c), although a complete M RNA sequence of the reference strain IbAr 10200 was deposited in GenBank (accession number U39455) previously. The coding nucleotide sequences of the two Chinese strains differed for the Nigerian strain IbAr 10200 by a mean of 22%, supplying further evidence of the extent of genetic diversity among these viruses.…”

Section: Strain Variation and Phylogenetic Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever

2004

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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne disease caused by the arbovirus Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), which is a member of the Nairovirus genus (family Bunyaviridae). CCHF was first recognized during a large outbreak among agricultural workers in the mid-1940s in the Crimean peninsula. The disease now occurs sporadically throughout much of Africa, Asia, and Europe and results in an approximately 30% fatality rate. After a short incubation period, CCHF is characterized by a sudden onset of high fever, chills, severe headache, dizziness, back, and abdominal pains. Additional symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, neuropsychiatric, and cardiovascular changes. In severe cases, hemorrhagic manifestations, ranging from petechiae to large areas of ecchymosis, develop. Numerous genera of ixodid ticks serve both as vector and reservoir for CCHFV; however, ticks in the genus Hyalomma are particularly important to the ecology of this virus. In fact, occurrence of CCHF closely approximates the known world distribution of Hyalomma spp. ticks. Therefore, exposure to these ticks represents a major risk factor for contracting disease; however, other important risk factors are known and are discussed in this review. In recent years, major advances in the molecular detection of CCHFV, particularly the use of real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in clinical and tick samples have allowed for both rapid diagnosis of disease and molecular epidemiology studies. Treatment options for CCHF are limited. Immunotherapy and ribavirin have been tried with varying degrees of success during sporadic outbreaks of disease, but no case-controlled trials have been conducted. Consequently, there is currently no antiviral treatment for CCHF approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, renewed interested in CCHFV, as well as increased knowledge of its basic biology, may lead to improved therapies in the future. This article reviews the history, epidemiology, ecology, clinical features, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of CCHF. In addition, recent advances in the molecular biology of CCHFV are presented, and issues related to its possible use as a bioterrorism agent are discussed.

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Section: Strain Variation and Phylogenetic Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Strain Variation and Phylogenetic Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever

2004

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“…Recent efforts to determine whether M segment sequence diversity is greater in viruses recovered from vertebrates or from ticks have been inconclusive (Ozkaya et al, 2010). Within the M segment, the greatest degree of diversity is seen in the region encoding the glycoprotein mucin-like domain, while regions encoding portions of protein structure involved in intracellular processing and maturation are more highly conserved (Papa et al, 2002c;Vincent et al, 2003).…”

Section: Genetic Driftmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CCHFV glycoproteins contain an exceptionally large number of cysteine residues, suggesting the presence of many disulfide bonds and a complex secondary structure. The N-terminus of G N has mucin-like features, with the potential for extensive O-glycosylation (Sanchez et al, 2002;Papa et al, 2002c;Bertolotti-Ciarlet et al, 2005). Interestingly, the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of G N contains two zinc fingers, which can bind viral RNA (Estrada and De Guzman, 2011).…”

Section: The M Segmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In cells that lack SKI-1, PreG N and PreG C accumulate in the Golgi apparatus, and infected cells secrete virus particles lacking surface glycoproteins (Bergeron et al, 2007). (Papa et al (2002c(Papa et al ( ) 1948(Papa et al ( -2000 Khazakhstan 108 35 Hoogstraal (1979) and Yashina et al (2003Yashina et al ( ) 1943Yashina et al ( -2010 Tajikistan 237 16 Asia-2 IV; M2 Hoogstraal (1979), Seregin et al (2004) and Ergonul (2010Ergonul ( ) 1976Ergonul ( -2000 Pakistan 23 39 Asia-1 IV; M1; M2; Asia-IV Burney et al (1980) and Smego et al (2004Smego et al ( ) 2011 India 6 83 Asia-2 IV; M2; Asia-IV Yadav et al (2013) Suleiman et al (1980), Schwarz et al (1997) and Watts et al (1989Watts et al ( ) 1990 Saudi Arabia 7 0 El-Azazy and Scrimgeour (1997Scrimgeour ( ) 1995Scrimgeour ( -1997 Oman 4 Asia-1 IV; M1; Asia-IV Saluzzo et al (1985Saluzzo et al ( ) 1979Saluzzo et al ( -1980 Iraq 55 Saluzzo et al (1985) and Nabeth et al (2004aNabeth et al ( , 2004bNabeth et al ( ) 1983 Burkina Faso 1 0 Watts et al (1989Watts et al ( ) 1981Watts et al ( -1986 South Africa 32 31 S Africa/W Africa-III; M1; M2 Watts et al (1989) Elata et al (2011) N-linked glycosylation of G N is also essential for the final processing of both glycoproteins (Erickson et al, 2007). G N performs a chaperone-like function for G C , and must be present for correct folding to occur (Shi et al, 2012).…”

Section: The M Segmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity

et al. 2013

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Bente, Dennis A.; Forrester, Naomi L.; Watts, Douglas M.; McAuley, Alexander J.; Whitehouse, Chris A.; and Bray, Mike, "CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity" (2013 b s t r a c tCrimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most important tick-borne viral disease of humans, causing sporadic cases or outbreaks of severe illness across a huge geographic area, from western China to the Middle East and southeastern Europe and throughout most of Africa. CCHFV is maintained in vertical and horizontal transmission cycles involving ixodid ticks and a variety of wild and domestic vertebrates, which do not show signs of illness. The virus circulates in a number of tick genera, but Hyalomma ticks are the principal source of human infection, probably because both immature and adult forms actively seek hosts for the blood meals required at each stage of maturation. CCHF occurs most frequently among agricultural workers following the bite of an infected tick, and to a lesser extent among slaughterhouse workers exposed to the blood and tissues of infected livestock and medical personnel through contact with the body fluids of infected patients. CCHFV is the most genetically diverse of the arboviruses, with nucleotide sequence differences among isolates ranging from 20% for the viral S segment to 31% for the M segment. Viruses with diverse sequences can be found within the same geographic area, while closely related viruses have been isolated in far distant regions, suggesting that widespread dispersion of CCHFV has occurred at times in the past, possibly by ticks carried on migratory birds or through the international livestock trade. Reassortment among genome segments during co-infection of ticks or vertebrates appears to have played an important role in generating diversity, and represents a potential future source of novel viruses. In this article, we first review current knowledge of CCHFV, summarizing its molecular biology, maintenance and transmission, epidemiology and geographic range. We also include an extensive discussion of CCHFV genetic diversity, including maps of the range of the virus with superimposed phylogenetic trees. We then review the features of CCHF, including the clinical syndrome, diagnosis, treatment, pathogenesis, vaccine development and laboratory animal models of CCHF. The paper ends with a discussion of the possible future geographic range of the virus. For the benefit of researchers, we include a Supplementary Table listing all published reports of CCHF cases and outbreaks in the English-language literature, plus some principal articles in other languages, with total case numbers, case fatality rates and all CCHFV strains on GenBank.

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