Genetic Characterization of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Population in Turkey

Sen, Yusuf; Aysan, Y.; Mırık, Mustafa; Özdemir, Duygu; Meijer‐Dekens, Fien; Wolf, Jan van der; Visser, Richard G. F.; Heusden, Sjaak van

doi:10.1094/pdis-02-17-0276-re

Cited by 7 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Although the tomato is the primary natural host of Cmm, peppers (Capsicum annuum) and eggplants (Solanum melongena) can also be infected in the field (Yim et al 2012). Highly virulent strains of Cmm were isolated from eggplants in Lithuania (Waleron et al 2011) and in Turkey (Kara et al 2018;Sen et al 2018). These virulent strains have a considerable risk to be potentially spread globally (Ansari et al 2019).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…These results are extremely promising for breeding studies (Yuqing et al 2018). In eggplants, just a few studies are known on Cmm disease reporting and identification (Burokienė et al 2005;Sen et al 2018). In this way, there is not enough sufficiently detailed information on the prevalence and severity of the disease and the reactions of the eggplant against the pathogen, and there is a complete lack of information on the genetic basis of this resistance in eggplants.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Screening of eggplant genotypes for resistance to bacterial wilt disease caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis

Boyaci¹,

Kabaş²,

Aysan³

et al. 2021

Plant Prot. Sci.

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Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) is one of the phytopathogenic bacteria causing bacterial wilt disease and severe yield losses in tomatoes and other solanaceous vegetables. Although there are some reports on Cmm infections in eggplants (Solanum melongena), there is no information available on the resistance sources and genetic control of the resistance to Cmm in this crop. We performed a search for resistance sources to Cmm in eggplants, in a set of 46 genotypes including landraces, inbred lines and cultivars and some cultivated and wild relatives, as well as an analysis of the genetic control of the resistance. A mixture of different Cmm strains from different genomic groups was used for the screening. Plants were inoculated through the injection of 10 µL of a Cmm suspension at a concentration of 107 cfu/mL in a single point of the stem. The symptoms were recorded at nine weeks after the inoculation with a 0–4 symptoms scale. The differences were observed in the symptoms in the collection evaluated, with the disease severity index of the genotypes ranging from 0.00 to 4.00. While 31 genotypes displayed no symptoms, three cultivated eggplant genotypes were highly susceptible. Reciprocal F1 and F2 generations were obtained from the crosses between the most susceptible genotype (CT30) and a resistant one (CT49). The genetic control of the resistance adjusted well to one dominant and one recessive gene model underlying the resistance to Cmm. These results are important for selection and breeding for resistance to Cmm in eggplants.

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Screening of eggplant genotypes for resistance to bacterial wilt disease caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis

Boyaci¹,

Kabaş²,

Aysan³

et al. 2021

Plant Prot. Sci.

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“…Because the frequency of damage caused by Clavibacter species is reportedly high, the diversity of Clavibacter field isolates is being actively studied. C. michiganensis causes one of the most destructive tomato diseases in the world, including in the United States, therefore field isolates have been isolated and analysed from diverse geographic areas in the United States, Turkey, France, and Belgium (Jacques et al, 2012;Zaluga et al, 2013;Sen et al, 2018). Many studies have reported the natural variants of C. michiganensis in the United States, mainly in New York and California.…”

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Plasmid composition and the chpG gene determine the virulence level of Clavibacter capsici natural isolates in pepper

Hwang

Lee

et al. 2020

Molecular Plant Pathology

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Clavibacter species are gram-positive plant pathogens that belong to phylum Actinobacteria (Eichenlaub and Gartemann, 2011). The genus Clavibacter includes six species: C. capsici causes necrosis, wilting, and bacterial canker in pepper; C. michiganensis causes wilting and bacterial canker in tomato; C. sepedonicus causes ring rot in potato; C. nebraskensis causes wilting and blight in maize; C. insidiosus causes wilting and stunting in alfalfa; and C. tessellarius causes bacterial mo

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“…Bacterial canker is of high economic importance in countries with fast-growing tomato industries, e.g., Iran and Turkey (13,14). Following China, India, the United States, Turkey, and Egypt, Iran is the sixth largest tomato producer in the world, possessing one of the fast-growing tomato industries in the past decades.…”

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“…Indeed, while worldwide tomato production has increased only 5-fold over the past 50 years, the Iranian tomato industry has grown 46-fold in the same time frame (1). Among the top 10 tomato-producing countries, yield losses due to severe outbreaks of the bacterial canker disease were recorded in the United States (15), Turkey (13), and Iran (16). Widespread occurrence of the disease was also reported in the European countries, e.g., Italy (17) and Belgium (18), as well as in South America, e.g., Chile (19) and Uruguay (20).…”

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Multiple Introductions of Tomato Pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis into Iran as Revealed by a Global-Scale Phylogeographic Analysis

Ansari

Hamzehzarghani

Valenzuela

et al. 2019

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Tomato bacterial canker caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is one of the most important seed-borne tomato diseases around the globe. The disease was initially reported in 1993 in Iran, and it became a rising threat for the multibillion dollar tomato industry of the country during the last decade. In this study, using phylogeographic analyses, we determined genetic diversity and geographic distribution of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in Iran. Our field surveys showed that the pathogen is expanding into the southern and eastern areas of the country. Furthermore, multilocus sequence analysis and typing (MLSA/MLST) using the sequences of five housekeeping genes (atpD, gyrB, ppk, recA, and rpoB) revealed that 37 C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains isolated in Iran had high genetic diversity and placed in 15 sequence types (STs), while all the available 184 worldwide C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis sequences were placed in 43 STs. MLSA divided the worldwide C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains into two phylogroups (I and II). Among the 37 strains isolated in Iran, 30 strains clustered in phylogroup I, while 7 strains clustered in phylogroup II. Phylogeographic data inferred from the allelic profile of the five housekeeping genes suggested multiple introductions of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis inoculum into Iran, while the geographic origin of the Iranian C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains remains undetermined. Further analyses using higher numbers of strains are warranted to decipher the evolutionary history of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in Iran. Additionally, stricter seed/transplant inspections are recommended to reduce the risk of pathogen expansion to areas with no history of the disease. IMPORTANCE Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, the causal agent of tomato bacterial canker disease, is one of the economically important pathogens of solanaceous crops (e.g., eggplant, pepper, and tomato) around the world. The disease occurs in many countries, with a particular importance in regions characterized by high precipitation and humid environmental conditions. As a seed-borne pathogen, C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is included in the A2 (high risk) list of quarantine pathogens by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). Bacterial canker disease was reported for the first time in 1993 in Iran, while the geographic distribution, genetic diversity, and phylogenetic position of the causal agent remain undetermined. In this study, using the multilocus sequence analysis and typing (MLSA/MLST) approach, we provided a phylogeographic scheme for the C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains isolated in Iran. Furthermore, global-scale phylogenetic analyses led to determination of phylogenetic position of Iranian C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains among worldwide population of the pathogen. Based on diversity parameters and population structure, we suggest relatively higher genetic diversity of the bacterial canker pathogen in Iran than has so far been observed in the other areas of the world. Results obtained in this study provide a novel insight into the genetic diversity and population structure of the bacterial canker pathogen on a global scale.

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Genetic Characterization of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Population in Turkey

Cited by 7 publications

References 49 publications

Screening of eggplant genotypes for resistance to bacterial wilt disease caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis

Screening of eggplant genotypes for resistance to bacterial wilt disease caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis

Plasmid composition and the chpG gene determine the virulence level of Clavibacter capsici natural isolates in pepper

Multiple Introductions of Tomato Pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis into Iran as Revealed by a Global-Scale Phylogeographic Analysis

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