Genetic characterization of anemone‐type chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) using floral morphology and SRAP markers

Abstract

Abbreviations: DFD, disc flower diameter; ID, inflorescence diameter; LLL, length of the longest lobe; NRF, number of ray florets; NTF, number of tubular florets; NTFL, number of tubular floret lobes; RFL, ray floret length; RFW, ray floret width; SL, style length; TFL, tubular floret length; TFL/SL, tubular floret length/style length; TFW, tubular floret width. AbstractAn appreciation of the genetic diversity retained in the gene pool of anemone-type chrysanthemums is needed to drive further genetic improvement of this commercially important ornamental species. Here, a panel of 67 accessions was characterized with respect to both floral morphology, assessed using a set of 12 inflorescenceassociated traits, and to genotype, using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) fingerprinting. Abundant variation and a high level of broad-sense heritability (>88%) were revealed for all traits except number of tubular floret lobes. Of the possible 66 pairwise inter-trait combinations, 37 proved to be significantly correlated.A principal component analysis of the trait data showed that the first four principal components explained ~78% of the variance; meanwhile a hierarchical clustering analysis revealed a number of discrete groups reflecting the various cultivated types, but was not predictive of provenance. The SRAP genotyping employed 22 primer combinations and generated 238 informative fragments. A moderately high level of the Jaccard's similarity coefficient (mean 0.67) was calculated for the examined panel. A hierarchical clustering analysis based on the genotypic data revealed four groups, which were clearly reflective of cultivated type; moreover, a comparison of the within-cluster means for each of the two key anemone-related traits-tubular floret length and tubular floret length/style length-showed that the genotype-based clusterings were associated with the anemone levels, albeit imperfectively. A principal coordinate analysis showed that the first two coordinates accounted for about 14% of the total variation. In summary, the present study adds new understanding of the genetic diversity present in the anemone-type chrysanthemum gene pool, and the findings will lay the foundation for implementing a genotype/phenotype association strategy to reveal the genetic and molecular basis of floral form in this valuable ornamental species. K E Y W O R D Schrysanthemum, flower type, genetic diversity, molecular markers

Genetic analysis of anemone-type and single-type inflorescences in chrysanthemum using genotyping-by-sequencing

“…For example, the correlation of − 0.055 was in our study and the value was − 0.45 in Fan et al (2020). A correlation between FD and DFD was observed within a panel of anemone-type chrysanthemum accessions (Yang et al 2020). These findings suggest that flower traits are complex in chrysanthemum.…”

“…The identification of the necessary molecular markers has been fueled by genetic analyses such as quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and genome-wide association study (GWAS). In chrysanthemum, many studies attempted to determine the genes associated with important traits using traditional molecular approaches such as amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), random amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPD), inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs), restriction fragment length polymorphism markers (RFLPs), expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs), and sequence-related amplified polymorphisms (SRAPs) (Zhang et al 2010(Zhang et al , 2011Fan et al 2020;Yang et al 2020). However, the number of available markers for genetic analysis is limited and the resulting genomic regions were large.…”

Phenotypic differences among and within extant populations of Chrysanthemum arcticum L. and C. a. subsp. arcticum

“…Principal components analyses for three groups (Group one, two, three) were conducted with R studio by using the FactoMineR [ 57 ] and factoextra R packages [ 59 ]. The relatedness between morphological traits among populations for each group were assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients and tested at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01 [ 60 ].…”

Phenotypic Differences Among and Within Extant Populations of Chrysanthemum Arcticum L. and C. a. Subsp. Arcticum

“…The relatedness between morphological traits among populations for each group were assessed using Pearson's correlation coe cients and tested at p<0.05 and p<0.01 [59].…”