Genetic characteristics of H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from free-range poultry in Eastern China, in 2014–2015

Zhu, Chengshen; Hu, Chuanxia; Gui, Boxiang; Chen, Qin; Zhang, Shuyi; He, Guimei

doi:10.3382/ps/pey187

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…As mentioned in previous reports (EFSA et al, 2018b;EFSA et al, 2018c), A(H9N2) is the most commonly detected non-notifiable subtype of influenza viruses in poultry in Asia, the Middle East and North Africa (Bonfante et al, 2018;Chrzastek et al, 2018;Xu et al, 2018;Zhu et al, 2018). The endemic status of these regions continued between 16 November 2018 and 15 February 2019.…”

Section: Detectionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Avian influenza overview November 2018 – February 2019

Adlhoch¹,

Kuiken²,

Monne³

et al. 2019

EFS2

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No human infections due to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) or A(H5N6) viruses ‐ detected in wild birds and poultry outbreaks in Europe ‐ have been reported so far and the risk of zoonotic transmission to the general public in Europe is considered very low. Between 16 November 2018 and 15 February 2019, two HPAI A(H5N8) outbreaks in poultry establishments in Bulgaria, two HPAI A(H5N6) outbreaks in wild birds in Denmark and one low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A(H5N3) in captive birds in the Netherlands were reported in the European Union (EU). Genetic characterisation of the HPAI A(H5N6) viruses reveals that they cluster with the A(H5N6) viruses that have been circulating in Europe since December 2017. The wild bird species involved were birds of prey and were likely infected due to hunting or scavenging infected wild waterfowl. However, HPAI virus was not detected in other wild birds during this period. Outside the EU, two HPAI outbreaks were reported in poultry during the reporting period from western Russia. Sequence information on an HPAI A(H5N6) virus found in a common gull in western Russia in October 2018 suggests that the virus clusters within clade 2.3.4.4c and is closely related to viruses that transmitted zoonotically in China. An increasing number of outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Asia, Africa and the Middle East was observed during the time period for this report. Currently there is no evidence of a new HPAI virus incursion from Asia into Europe. However, passive surveillance systems may not be sensitive enough if the prevalence or case fatality in wild birds is very low. Nevertheless, it is important to encourage and maintain a certain level of passive surveillance in Europe testing single sick or dead wild birds and birds of prey as they may be sensitive sentinel species for the presence of HPAI virus in the environment. A well‐targeted active surveillance might complement passive surveillance to collect information on HPAI infectious status of apparently healthy wild bird populations.

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Section: Detectionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Avian influenza overview November 2018 – February 2019

Adlhoch¹,

Kuiken²,

Monne³

et al. 2019

EFS2

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“…Extracted DNA from the CVI 988 Rispens vaccine and a negative control were included in each experiment. The extracted DNA was also tested for avian leukosis virus subgroups J and K, using real-time PCR to confirm specificity [ 23 , 24 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Newly detected mutations in the Meq oncogene and molecular pathotyping of very virulent Marek’s disease herpesvirus in Tunisia

et al. 2020

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Marek's disease (MD) is a contagious avian viral disease that is responsible for large economic losses to farmers. The disease is caused by Marek's disease virus (species Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2), which causes neurological lesions, immune suppression, and tumor proliferation of lymphoid cells that invade a large number of organs and tissues. Despite widespread vaccination, Marek's disease virus (MDV), has shown a continuous increase in its virulence and has acquired the ability to overcome immune responses induced by vaccines. In the present study, the oncogenic serotype MDV-1 was detected by real-time PCR in DNA samples extracted from organs developing tumor infiltrations. Identification of the pathotype based on a 132-bp tandem repeat and sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the Meq gene and its encoded protein allowed classification of the isolated viruses as "very virulent", with two new and unique mutations in the Meq gene resulting in amino acid substitutions. Sequencing of pp38, vIl-8, UL1 and UL44 genes did not reveal any new mutations that were characteristic of the Tunisian isolates or correlated with virulence. These results raised concerns about the ability of HVT and CVI988 vaccines, which are currently used in Tunisia and other countries, to protect chickens against highly virulent virus strains.

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“…As mentioned in previous EFSA reports, A(H9N2) is the most commonly detected non-notifiable subtype of influenza virus in poultry in Asia, the Middle East and Africa (Zecchin et al, 2017;Bonfante et al, 2018;Chrzastek et al, 2018;Xu et al, 2018;Zhu et al, 2018;Awuni et al, 2019;Kariithi et al, 2019). These Regions remained LPAI (H9N2) endemic at least until 23 February 2021.…”

Section: Detectionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Avian influenza overview December 2020 – February 2021

Adlhoch¹,

Fusaro²,

Gonzáles³

et al. 2021

EFS2

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Between 8 December 2020 and 23 February 2021, 1,022 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus detections were reported in 25 EU/EEA countries and the UK in poultry (n=592), wild (n=421) and captive birds (n=9).The majority of the detections were reported by France that accounted for 442 outbreaks in poultry, mostly located in the Landes region and affecting the foie gras production industry, and six wild bird detections; Germany, who reported 207 detections in wild birds and 50 poultry outbreaks; Denmark, with 63 detections in wild birds and one poultry outbreak; and Poland, with 37 poultry outbreaks and 24 wild bird detections. Due to the continued presence of HPAI A(H5) viruses in wild birds and the environment, there is still a risk of avian influenza incursions with the potential further spread between establishments, primarily in areas with high poultry densities. As the currently circulating HPAI A(H5N8) virus can cause high mortality also in affected duck farms, mortality events can be seen as a good indicator of virus presence. However, also subclinical virus spread in this type of poultry production system have been reported. To improve early detection of infection in poultry within the surveillance zone, the clinical inspection of duck establishments should be complemented by encouraging farmers to collect dead birds to be pooled and tested weekly (bucket sampling). Six different genotypes were identified to date in Europe and Russia, suggesting a high propensity of these viruses to undergo multiple reassortment events. To date, no evidence of fixation of known mutations previously described as associated to zoonotic potential has been observed in HPAI viruses currently circulanting in Europe based on the available sequences. Seven cases due to A(H5N8) HPAI virus have been reported from Russia, all were poultry workers with mild or no symptoms. Five human cases due to A(H5N6) HPAI and 10 cases due to A(H9N2) LPAI viruses have been reported from China. The risk for the general population as well as travel-related imported human cases is assessed as very low and the risk for people occupationally exposed people as low. Any human infections with avian influenza viruses are notifiable within 24 hours through the Early Warning and Response System (EWRS) and the International Health Regulations (IHR) notification system.

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Genetic characteristics of H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from free-range poultry in Eastern China, in 2014–2015

Cited by 22 publications

References 35 publications

Avian influenza overview November 2018 – February 2019

Avian influenza overview November 2018 – February 2019

Newly detected mutations in the Meq oncogene and molecular pathotyping of very virulent Marek’s disease herpesvirus in Tunisia

Avian influenza overview December 2020 – February 2021

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