Genetic characterisation of the influenza viruses circulating in Bulgaria during the 2019–2020 winter season

Korsun, Neli; Trifonova, Ivelina; Voleva, Silvia; Grigorova, Iliyana; Angelova, Svetla

doi:10.1007/s11262-021-01853-w

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Of the remaining 587 articles, 547 were discarded for not matching the inclusion criteria (of these, 62 were not further considered since no reported influenza cases were type B), 7 for being based on the WHO FluNet and/or GISAID database, 3 for being previous reports from the GIHSN, and 4 because of overlap with more recent and/or larger articles based on the same data sources. A total of 26 articles were included in the systematic review: their main characteristics are reported in Table 1 [ Soldevila 2022, Murillo-Zamora 2021, Korsun 2021, Panatto 2021, Pablo-Marcos 2020, Miron 2021, Hu 2021, Omer 2022, Olson 2022, Auvinen 2022, Kuzmanovska 2021, Wagatsuma 2022, Heinzinger 2021, Rios-Silva 2022, Suntronwong 2021, da Costa 2022, Melidou 2020, Huang 2022, O’Neill 2022, Kolosova 2022, Peck 2023, Chon 2023, Merced-Morales 2022, Melidou 2022, Sominina 2022, Song 2022 ]. Europe was the most represented area (12 articles, of which 2 reported findings from multiple countries in the WHO European Region), followed by Asia (n=6), North America (n=5), and Oceania and South America (n=1 each).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is influenza B/Yamagata extinct and what public health implications could this have? An updated literature review and comprehensive assessment of global surveillance databases

Caini,

Meijer,

Nunes

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Introduction: Early after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, a major drop in the number of influenza B/Yamagata detections was observed globally. Given the potential public health implications, particularly with regards to influenza vaccination, we conducted a systematic review of influenza B/Yamagata virus circulation data from multiple complementary sources of information. Methods: We searched articles published until 20th March 2023 in PubMed and EMBASE; examined epidemiological and virological influenza data for 2020-2023 contained in the publicly available WHO-FluNet and GISAID (Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data) global databases, or collected by the multi-national Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network (GIHSN) study; and looked for influenza data in the webpages of respiratory viruses surveillance systems from countries worldwide. Results: Highly consistent findings were found across all sources of information, with a progressive decline of influenza B/Yamagata detections from 2020 onwards across all world regions, both in absolute terms (total number of cases), the positivity rate, and as a fraction of influenza B detections. Isolated influenza B/Yamagata cases continue to be sporadically reported, and these are typically vaccine-derived, mistaken data entries or under investigation. Discussion: While it is still too early to conclude that B/Yamagata is (or will soon become) extinct, the current epidemiological and virological data call for a rapid response in terms of influenza prevention practices, particularly regarding the formulation of influenza vaccines. The current epidemiological situation is unprecedented in recent decades, underlying the importance of continuously and carefully monitoring the circulation of influenza viruses (as well as SARS-CoV-2 and the other respiratory viruses) in the coming years.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is influenza B/Yamagata extinct and what public health implications could this have? An updated literature review and comprehensive assessment of global surveillance databases

Caini,

Meijer,

Nunes

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…About half of the subclade 6B.1A.5 viruses detected in NSW presented additional amino acid substitutions D187A and Q189E (located within antigenic site Sb), which were not reported in Australia's previous season. Interestingly, these variants became more prevalent in Northern Hemisphere countries during the 2019–2020 winter season 38,44,45 . Additionally, this subclade was shown to have more substitutions in its antigenic regions compared with other subclades 32,38,44,46 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Interestingly, these variants became more prevalent in Northern Hemisphere countries during the 2019–2020 winter season 38,44,45 . Additionally, this subclade was shown to have more substitutions in its antigenic regions compared with other subclades 32,38,44,46 . Despite these identified viruses harboured multiple additional amino acid substitutions compared with the 2019 vaccine strain, these did not seem to have a significant impact on vaccine effectiveness, which was estimated at 62% (95% CI: 39–78) in Australia in 2019 42 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…38,44,45 Additionally, this subclade was shown to have more substitutions in its antigenic regions compared with other subclades. 32,38,44,46 Despite these identified viruses harboured multiple additional amino acid substitutions compared with the 2019 vaccine strain, these did not seem to have a significant impact on vaccine effectiveness, which was estimated at 62% (95% CI: 39-78) in Australia in 2019. 42 Nevertheless, it should be noted that the World Health Organization (WHO) observed a reduction in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres in many recent A/H1N1pdm09 viruses that contain the HA1 amino acid substitution S183P compared with both cell culture-propagated vaccine virus and egg-propagated vaccine virus (A/Michigan/45/2015).…”

Section: Genotypic Antiviral Drug Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 91%

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Genome characterization of influenza A and B viruses in New South Wales, Australia, in 2019: A retrospective study using high‐throughput whole genome sequencing

Wang,

Kim,

Walker

et al. 2024

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundDuring the 2019 severe influenza season, New South Wales (NSW) experienced the highest number of cases in Australia. This study retrospectively investigated the genetic characteristics of influenza viruses circulating in NSW in 2019 and identified genetic markers related to antiviral resistance and potential virulence.MethodsThe complete genomes of influenza A and B viruses were amplified using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced with an Illumina MiSeq platform.ResultsWhen comparing the sequencing data with the vaccine strains and reference sequences, the phylogenetic analysis revealed that most NSW A/H3N2 viruses (n = 68; 94%) belonged to 3C.2a1b and a minority (n = 4; 6%) belonged to 3C.3a. These viruses all diverged from the vaccine strain A/Switzerland/8060/2017. All A/H1N1pdm09 viruses (n = 20) showed genetic dissimilarity from vaccine strain A/Michigan/45/2015, with subclades 6B.1A.5 and 6B.1A.2 identified. All B/Victoria‐lineage viruses (n = 21) aligned with clade V1A.3, presenting triple amino acid deletions at positions 162–164 in the hemagglutinin protein, significantly diverging from the vaccine strain B/Colorado/06/2017. Multiple amino acid substitutions were also found in the internal proteins of influenza viruses, some of which have been previously reported in hospitalized influenza patients in Thailand. Notably, the oseltamivir‐resistant marker H275Y was present in one immunocompromised patient infected with A/H1N1pdm09 and the resistance‐related mutation I222V was detected in another A/H3N2‐infected patient.ConclusionsConsidering antigenic drift and the constant evolution of circulating A and B strains, we believe continuous monitoring of influenza viruses in NSW via the high‐throughput sequencing approach provides timely and pivotal information for both public health surveillance and clinical treatment.

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“…The epidemic types of pdm09 were clade 6B.1A and subclades 6B.1A1, 6B.1A5, and 6B.1A6 in 2017-2019 in Thailand. The pdm09 viruses of 6B.1A5A have been circulating in Bulgaria since 2019 (Korsun et al, 2021;Suntronwong et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The genetic diversity, replication, and transmission of 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses in China

Sun

Wang²,

Liu³

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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BackgroundThe 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus (pdm09) continue to evolve, and few studies have systemically analyzed the evolution, replication, and transmission of pmd09 viruses in China.MethodsTo better understand the evolution and pathogenicity of pdm09 viruses, we systematically analyzed viruses that were confirmed in 2009–2020 in China and characterized their replication and transmission ability. We extensively analyzed the evolution characteristics of pdm/09 in China over the past decades. The replication ability of 6B.1 and 6B.2 lineages on Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial (A549) cells and their pathogenicity and transmission in guinea pigs were also compared.ResultsIn total, 3,038 pdm09 viruses belonged to clade 6B.1 (62% of all pdm09 viruses) and clade 6B.2 (4%). Clade 6B.1 pdm09 viruses are the predominant clade, with proportions of 54.1%, 78.9%, 57.2%, 58.6%, 61.7%, 76.3%, and 66.6% in the North, Northeast, East, Central, South, Southwest, and Northeast regions in China, respectively. The isolation proportion of clade 6B.1 pdm/09 viruses was 57.1%, 74.3%, 96.1%, 98.2%, 86.7%, and 78.5% in 2015–2020, respectively. A clear differentiation time point appeared in 2015 before which the evolution trend of pdm09 viruses in China was similar to that in North America but then showed a different trend after that point. To characterize pdm09 viruses in China after 2015, we further analyzed 33 pdm09 viruses isolated in Guangdong in 2016–2017, among which A/ Guangdong/33/2016 and A/Guangdong/184/2016 (184/2016) belonged to clade 6B.2, and the other 31 strains belonged to clade 6B.1. A/Guangdong/887/2017 (887/2017) and A/Guangdong/752/2017 (752/2017) (clade 6B.1), 184/2016 (clade 6B.2) and A/California/04/2009 (CA04) replicated efficiently in MDCK cells and A549 cells, as well as the turbinates of guinea pigs. 184/2016 and CA04 could transmit among guinea pigs through physical contact.ConclusionOur findings provide novel insights into the evolution, pathogenicity, and transmission of pdm09 virus. The results show that enhancing surveillance of pdm09 viruses and timely evaluation of their virulence are essential.

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Genetic characterisation of the influenza viruses circulating in Bulgaria during the 2019–2020 winter season

Cited by 10 publications

References 30 publications

Is influenza B/Yamagata extinct and what public health implications could this have? An updated literature review and comprehensive assessment of global surveillance databases

Is influenza B/Yamagata extinct and what public health implications could this have? An updated literature review and comprehensive assessment of global surveillance databases

Genome characterization of influenza A and B viruses in New South Wales, Australia, in 2019: A retrospective study using high‐throughput whole genome sequencing

The genetic diversity, replication, and transmission of 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses in China

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