Genetic characterisation of multidrug-resistant <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serotypes isolated from poultry in Cairo, Egypt

Abstract

Background: Food-borne diseases pose serious health problems, affecting public health and economic development worldwide.Methods: Salmonella was isolated from samples of chicken parts, skin samples of whole chicken carcasses, raw egg yolks, eggshells and chicken faeces. Resulting isolates were characterised by serogrouping, serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production. Antibiotic resistance genes and integrons were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results: The detection rates of Salmonella were 60%, 64% and 62% in chicken parts, skin, and faeces, respectively, whereas the egg yolks and eggshells were uniformly negative. Salmonella Kentucky and S. Enteritidis serotypes comprised 43.6% and 2.6% of the isolates, respectively, whilst S. Typhimurium was absent. Variable resistance rates were observed against 16 antibiotics; 97% were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, 96% to nalidixic acid and tetracycline and 76% to ampicillin. Multidrug resistance was detected in 82% (64/78) of the isolates and ESBL production was detected in 8% (6/78). The β-lactamase blaTEM-1 gene was detected in 57.6% and blaSHV-1 in 6.8% of the isolates, whilst the blaOXA gene was absent. The sul1gene was detected in 97.3% and the sul2 gene in 5.3% of the isolates. Sixty-four of the 78 isolates (82%) were positive for the integrase gene (int I) from class 1 integrons, whilst int II was absent.Conclusion: This study reveals the presence of an alarming number of multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates in the local poultry markets in Cairo. The high levels of drug resistance suggest an emerging problem that could impact negatively on efforts to prevent and treat poultry and poultry-transmitted human diseases in Egypt.

Prevalence, genotyping, serotyping, and antibiotic resistance of isolated Salmonella strains from industrial and local eggs in Iran

“…As is shown in Table , multi drug resistance was seen in isolates. Detected antibiotic resistance to nalidixic acid (Quinolones) and erythromycin (macrolid) was reported in other findings for Salmonella isolates (Abdel‐Maksoud et al, ; Braoudaki & Hilton, ; Musgrove et al, ; Thung et al, ). It is notable, as quinolones are the last options against the multidrug resistant drugs salmonella isolates (Abdel‐Maksoud et al, ).…”

“…As is shown in Braoudaki & Hilton, 2005;Musgrove et al, 2006;Thung et al, 2016). It is notable, as quinolones are the last options against the multidrug resistant drugs salmonella isolates (Abdel-Maksoud et al, 2015). Improper, overdose, and worldwide use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine are the main reasons of antibiotic resistance due to genetic adaptations of microorganisms and presence of integrons as genetic elements with the ability of identifying and capturing carriers of antibiotic resistance genes (mobile gene cassettes) which cause multi drug resistance (Abdel-Maksoud et al, 2015;Aguilar-Montes et al, 2017).…”

“…It is notable, as quinolones are the last options against the multidrug resistant drugs salmonella isolates (Abdel-Maksoud et al, 2015). Improper, overdose, and worldwide use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine are the main reasons of antibiotic resistance due to genetic adaptations of microorganisms and presence of integrons as genetic elements with the ability of identifying and capturing carriers of antibiotic resistance genes (mobile gene cassettes) which cause multi drug resistance (Abdel-Maksoud et al, 2015;Aguilar-Montes et al, 2017). It was reported that subtherapeutic levels of antibiotics as food additives in poultry farms or improper use of them at recommended doses has direct correlates with multi drug resistance in salmonella due to genetic and biochemical mechanisms which increase their survivability (Thung et al, 2016).…”

“…These surveillances are based on reliable and efficient detection methods such as conventional methods, immunology-based assays and nucleic acid-based assays which can help to improve food safety and combat with pathogens (Lee et al, 2015). There are several reports about prevalence and characterization of Salmonella in eggshell and egg contents throughout the world with various diversity in serovars and antimicrobial sensitivity (Abdel-Maksoud et al, 2015;Aminzare, Neyriz, Rasooli, & Delshad, 2009;Ekhtelat, Rezvani, & Safarloo, 2012;Havelaar, Ivarsson, Lofdahl, & Nauta, 2013;Hutasoit, Rastina, & Abrar, 2017;Jones, Anderson, & Guard, 2012;Parisi, Northcutt, Smith, Steinberg, & Dawson, 2015). Salmonella serovars have particular potentials to make disease (Yang et al, 2015).…”

Confirmation of Antimicrobial Resistance by Using Resistance Genes of Isolated Salmonella spp. in Chicken Houses of North West, South Africa.

“…Fluoroquinolones have actually been considered as one of the last options for the treatment of Salmonella spp. (Abdel-Maksoud et al, 2015). The absence of the qnr-A gene in isolates that had a positive phenotype indicated that the disc diffusion method may either be more sensitive and causing a few false positive.…”