Genetic Basis of Spectral Tuning in the Violet-Sensitive Visual Pigment of African Clawed Frog, <i>Xenopus laevis</i>

Takahashi, Yusuke; Yokoyama, Shozo

doi:10.1534/genetics.105.045849

Cited by 31 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…They include sites 83, 122, 211, 261, 265, 292, and 295 in RH1 pigments (e. g. Yokoyama, 2000a), sites 49, 122 and 207 in RH2 pigments (Yokoyama et al, 1999;Chinen et al, 2005a), sites 46, 49, 52, 86, 90, 91, 93, 97, 109, 113, 114, 116, and118 in SWS1 pigments (e. g. Yokoyama, 2000a;Babu et al, 2001;Shi and Yokoyama, 2003;Fasick et al, 2002;Takahashi and Yokoyama, 2005), sites 91, 94, 116, 122, 261, 292, and 295 in SWS2 pigments (Takahashi and Ebrey, 2003;Chinen et al, 2005b), and sites 164, 181, 261, 269, and 292 in M/LWS pigments, which correspond to sites180, 197, 277, 285, and 308 of the human red-and greensensitive pigments . Our analyses of the bluefin killifish SWS2 pigments show that site 44 is also involved in the spectral tuning of visual pigments, increasing the total number of critical amino acid sites to 26.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel spectral tuning in the short wavelength-sensitive (SWS1 and SWS2) pigments of bluefin killifish (Lucania goodei)

Yokoyama

Takenaka

Blow

2007

Gene

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The molecular bases of spectral tuning in the UV-, violet-, and blue-sensitive pigments are not well understood. Using the in vitro assay, here we show that the SWS1, SWS2-A, and SWS2-B pigments of bluefin killifish (Lucania goodei) have the wavelengths of maximal absorption (lambda(max)'s) of 354, 448, and 397 nm, respectively. The spectral difference between the SWS2-A and SWS2-B pigments is largest among those of all currently known pairs of SWS2 pigments within a species. The SWS1 pigment contains no amino acid replacement at the currently known 25 critical sites and seems to have inherited its UV-sensitivity directly from the vertebrate ancestor. Mutagenesis analyses show that the amino acid differences at sites 44, 46, 94, 97, 109, 116, 118, 265, and 292 of the SWS2-A and SWS2-B pigments explain 80% of their spectral difference. Moreover, the larger the individual effects of amino acid changes on the lambda(max)-shift are, the larger the synergistic effects tend to be generated, revealing a novel mechanism of spectral tuning of visual pigments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel spectral tuning in the short wavelength-sensitive (SWS1 and SWS2) pigments of bluefin killifish (Lucania goodei)

Yokoyama

Takenaka

Blow

2007

Gene

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“…Interestingly, the only difference between A. carolinensis and lacertids corresponds to the replacement V109I, which is identical to that found in Gekko gecko, where UV vision has also been confirmed using MSP (λ max =364 nm; Table 1). Moreover, sitedirected mutagenesis has suggested that the V109A substitution produces a shift in the λ max of the resulting visual pigment of only 1 nm [from 359 nm in the ancestral pigment to 360 nm in the mutant (Takahashi and Yokoyama, 2005)]. …”

Section: Characterization Of Oil Dropletsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We amplified exon 1 of the SWS1 opsin gene (292 nucleotides with primers, 256 nucleotides without primers) because this fragment encompasses the 13 amino acid positions relevant for UV vision: F46, F49, T52, F86, S90, V91, T93, A97, I109, E113, A114, L116 and S118 [numbers are standardized by those of the bovine rhodopsin (Shi and Yokoyama, 2003;Takahashi and Yokoyama, 2005;Yokoyama, 2008)]. We designed degenerate PCR primers based on the sequences coding for the SWS1 opsin gene from Anolis carolinensis (GenBank accession no.…”

Section: Spectral Tuning Of the Sws1 Opsinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carleton et al, 2000;Siebeck and Marshall, 2001;Siebeck and Marshall, 2007;Siebeck et al, 2010), data on other vertebrate linages are relatively scant and encompass few species [e.g. amphibians (Govardovskiĭ and Zueva, 1974;Perry and McNaughton, 1991;Takahashi and Yokoyama, 2005), mammals (Jacobs et al, 1991;Winter et al, 2003;Wang et al, 2004;Palacios et al, 2010;Carvalho et al, 2012), turtles (Ventura et al, 1999;Loew and Govardovskiĭ, 2001), crocodiles (Sillman et al, 1991) and Squamata, i.e. lizards and snakes (Fleishman et al, 1997;Fleishman et al, 2011;Sillman et al, 1999;Sillman et al, 2001;Loew et al, 2002)].…”

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Ultraviolet vision in lacertid lizards: evidence from retinal structure, eye transmittance, SWS1 visual pigment genes, and behaviour

Lanuza

Font

2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Ultraviolet (UV) vision and UV colour patches have been reported in a wide range of taxa and are increasingly appreciated as an integral part of vertebrate visual perception and communication systems. Previous studies with Lacertidae, a lizard family with diverse and complex coloration, have revealed the existence of UV-reflecting patches that may function as social signals. However, confirmation of the signalling role of UV coloration requires demonstrating that the lizards are capable of vision in the UV waveband. Here we use a multidisciplinary approach to characterize the visual sensitivity of a diverse sample of lacertid species. Spectral transmission measurements of the ocular media show that wavelengths down to 300 nm are transmitted in all the species sampled. Four retinal oil droplet types can be identified in the lacertid retina. Two types are pigmented and two are colourless. Fluorescence microscopy reveals that a type of colourless droplet is UV-transmitting and may thus be associated with UV-sensitive cones. DNA sequencing shows that lacertids have a functional SWS1 opsin, very similar at 13 critical sites to that in the presumed ancestral vertebrate (which was UV sensitive) and other UV-sensitive lizards. Finally, males of Podarcis muralis are capable of discriminating between two views of the same stimulus that differ only in the presence/absence of UV radiance. Taken together, these results provide convergent evidence of UV vision in lacertids, very likely by means of an independent photopigment. Moreover, the presence of four oil droplet types suggests that lacertids have a four-cone colour vision system.

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“…However, to achieve these goals, we are faced with two major problems. First, certain amino acid changes at 13 sites are known to shift the max s of SWS1 pigments to date (5,(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14), but it is a daunting task to identify other critical amino acid changes because their effects on the max -shift are often not detectible when they are studied individually (9,15,16). Second, and perhaps more disturbingly, no violet-sensitive SWS1 pigment has been isolated from fish (17).…”

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confidence: 99%

Evolutionary replacement of UV vision by violet vision in fish

Tada¹,

Altun

Yokoyama³

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The vertebrate ancestor possessed ultraviolet (UV) vision and many species have retained it during evolution. Many other species switched to violet vision and, then again, some avian species switched back to UV vision. These UV and violet vision are mediated by short wavelength-sensitive (SWS1) pigments that absorb light maximally ( However, many species, including humans, have switched from UV vision to violet vision even when they receive abundant UV light in their environments. Two major reasons are given for these changes (4): (i) the eye structures of many species have been modified so that UV light does not reach the retina, protecting their retinal tissues, and somehow violet vision evolved; and (ii) without UV vision, organisms can improve visual resolution and subtle contrast detection. However, a certain avian ancestor replaced violet vision by UV vision (5), and it is not clear why the avian ancestor abandoned such evolutionary achievements associated with violet vision.To understand possible selective advantages of the evolutionary switches between UV and violet vision (5), we must identify critical amino acid changes that cause such functional changes and relate UV and violet vision of organisms to their ecological environments and life styles (6, 7). Living in diverse and reasonably well-defined light environments, fish offer the best opportunity to elucidate the molecular bases for the spectral tuning and adaptive evolution of SWS1 pigments at the same time (8). However, to achieve these goals, we are faced with two major problems. First, certain amino acid changes at 13 sites are known to shift the max s of SWS1 pigments to date (5, 9-14), but it is a daunting task to identify other critical amino acid changes because their effects on the max -shift are often not detectible when they are studied individually (9,15,16). Second, and perhaps more disturbingly, no violet-sensitive SWS1 pigment has been isolated from fish (17). Having no violet-sensitive SWS1 pigment in fish, we cannot relate UV and violet vision to organisms' ecological environments. Hence, to elucidate the evolutionary mechanisms of UV and violet vision, it is of utmost importance to isolate violet-sensitive SWS1 pigments from fish. ResultsScabbardfish and Lampfish SWS1 Opsins and Visual Pigments. Juvenile scabbardfish (Lepidopus fitchi) live at depths of 20-50 m, but adult fish move to the depth of 100-500 m (www.fishbase.org). In contrast, lampfish (Stenobrachius leucopsarus) can be active even at a depth of 3,000 m but rapidly ascend to near the surface after sunset and feed on zooplankton (www.fishbase.org). We isolated the complete SWS1 opsin genes from these species by using PCR amplification and inverse PCR methods. The cloning results show that the scabbardfish and lampfish genes consist of 336 and 338 codons, respectively (Fig. 1). Compared with the SWS1 pigment in the vertebrate ancestor (pigment a) (5), these genes are missing several codons at the 5Ј-and 3Ј-ends (Fig. 1). By using the in vitro assay (18), we found that ...

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Genetic Basis of Spectral Tuning in the Violet-Sensitive Visual Pigment of African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis

Cited by 31 publications

References 32 publications

A novel spectral tuning in the short wavelength-sensitive (SWS1 and SWS2) pigments of bluefin killifish (Lucania goodei)

A novel spectral tuning in the short wavelength-sensitive (SWS1 and SWS2) pigments of bluefin killifish (Lucania goodei)

Ultraviolet vision in lacertid lizards: evidence from retinal structure, eye transmittance, SWS1 visual pigment genes, and behaviour

Evolutionary replacement of UV vision by violet vision in fish

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