Genetic basis of resistance to benzimidazole and dicarboximide fungicides in Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea)

Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in sitiens, an Abscisic Acid-Deficient Tomato Mutant, Involves Timely Production of Hydrogen Peroxide and Cell Wall Modifications in the Epidermis

“…Conidia of Botrytis cinerea strain R16 (Faretra and Pollastro, 1991) were obtained as described by Audenaert et al (2002). The conidial suspension was centrifuged for 10 min at 10,000g.…”

Salicylic Acid Produced by the Rhizobacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2 Induces Resistance to Leaf Infection by Botrytis cinerea on Bean

“…In control treatments, soil and bean seeds were treated with sterile demineralized water. To assay for induced resistance, B. cinerea isolate R16, resulting from the cross SAS56 × SAS405 (8), was grown to sporulation on tomato leaf agar (29). Spores were washed from 10-day-old cultures with sterile demineralized water containing 0.01% Tween 20.…”

Resistance to Botryticides

“…Approximately 10 mutations conferring resistance to MBC have been identified in the ß-tubulin gene in laboratory studies with a wide range of different fungi. Benzimidazole-resistance in B. cinerea is conferred by polyallelic major gene named Mbc1 by Faretra & Polastro (1991) with at least four classes of alleles responsible for sensitivity or different levels of resistance variously accompanied by hypersensitivity to Nphenylcarbamates (Faretra et al, 1989;Faretra & Pollastro, 1991, 1993aPollastro & Faretra, 1992;Yarden & Katan, 1993;Davidse & Ishii, 1995, De Guido et al, 2007. The presumed mutated locus encoded the structural gene for ß-tubulin and single base pair mutations occurred in codons 198 and 200.…”

“…Resistance to dicarboximides is encoded by a single polyallelic major gene named Daf1 (Faretra & Antonaci, 1987). Firstly, two alleles of Daf1 have been recognized (Faretra & Pollastro, 1991): Daf1 LR and Daf1 HR responsible for low and high resistance to dicarboximides. Alleles Daf1 HR also result in hypersensitivity to high osmotic pressure.…”

“…Different levels of dicarboximides-resistance variously accompanied by resistance to phenylpyrrole fungicides and reduced tolerance to high osmotic pressure point to polymorphism of Daf1 and with time become evident that there are at least five classes of responsible alleles (Hilber et al, 1995;Faretra & Pollastro, 1991;Faretra & Pollastro, 1993a, 1993bVignutelli et al, 2002;Baroffio et al, 2003). Recent studies suggested that an amino acid substitution of serine for isoleucine in the second unit of tandem amino acid repeats on 86 codon of BcOS1p gene is responsible for dicarboximides resistance in the field (Oshima et al, 2002).…”