Genetic and phenotypic spectrum of non-21-hydroxylase-deficiency primary adrenal insufficiency in childhood: data from 111 Chinese patients

Abstract

BackgroundPrimary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) is a rare but life-threatening condition. Differential diagnosis of numerous causes of PAI requires a thorough understanding of the condition.MethodsTo describe the genetic composition and presentations of PAI. The following data were collected retrospectively from 111 patients with non-21OHD with defined genetic diagnoses: demographic information, onset age, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and genetic results. Patients were divided into four groups based on the underlying pathogenesis: (1) impaired steroidogenesis, (2) adrenal hypoplasia, (3) resistance to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and (4) adrenal destruction. The age of onset was compared within the groups.ResultsMutations in the following genes were identified:NR0B1(n=39),STAR(n=33),CYP11B1(n=12),ABCD1(n=8),CYP17A1(n=5),HSD3B2(n=4),POR(n=4),MRAP(n=2),MC2R(n=1),CYP11A1(n=1),LIPA(n=1) andSAMD9(n=1). Frequent clinical manifestations included hyperpigmentation (73.0%), dehydration (49.5%), vomiting (37.8%) and abnormal external genitalia (23.4%). Patients with adrenal hypoplasia typically presented manifestations earlier than those with adrenal destruction but later than those with impaired steroidogenesis (both p<0.01). The elevated ACTH (92.6%) and decreased cortisol (73.5%) were the most common laboratory findings. We generated a differential diagnosis flowchart for PAI using the following clinical features: 17-hydroxyprogesterone, very-long-chain fatty acid, external genitalia, hypertension and skeletal malformation. This flowchart identified 84.8% of patients with PAI before next-generation DNA sequencing.ConclusionsSTARandNR0B1were the most frequently mutated genes in patients with non-21OHD PAI. Age of onset and clinical characteristics were dependent on aetiology. Combining clinical features and molecular tests facilitates accurate diagnosis.