Genetic and Pathogenic Characterization of H6N1 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated in Taiwan Between 1972 and 2005

Lee, Min-Shiuh; Chang, Poa-Chun; Shien, Jui-Hung; Cheng, Min-Chu; Chen, Chiou-Lin; Shieh, Happy K.

doi:10.1637/7640-050106r.1

Cited by 59 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…All but five of the over 100 H6 viruses isolated and sequenced in this period from chickens and other terrestrial poultry were W312-like (4). Interspecies transmission and subsequent establishment of H6 viruses in terrestrial poultry occurred in southern China (4), Taiwan (10), and California (16,18) before. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the HA genes of these viruses were of aquatic avian sources and are of lineages different from the lineages of the duck viruses isolated here.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment and Lineage Replacement of H6 Influenza Viruses in Domestic Ducks in Southern China

Huang

Zhu

Fan

et al. 2012

J Virol

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Domestic ducks in southern China act as an important reservoir for influenza viruses and have also facilitated the establishment of multiple H6 influenza virus lineages. To understand the continuing evolution of these established lineages, 297 H6 viruses isolated from domestic ducks during 2006 and 2007 were genetically and antigenically analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses showed that group II duck H6 viruses had replaced the previously predominant group I lineage and extended their geographic distribution from coastal to inland regions. Group II H6 virus showed that the genesis and development of multiple types of deletions in the neuraminidase (NA) stalk region could occur in the influenza viruses from domestic ducks. A gradual replacement of the N2 NA subtype with N6 was observed. Significant antigenic changes occurred within group II H6 viruses so that they became antigenically distinguishable from group I and gene pool viruses. Gene exchange between group II H6 viruses and the established H5N1, H9N2, or H6N1 virus lineages in poultry in the region was very limited. These findings suggest that domestic ducks can facilitate significant genetic and antigenic changes in viruses established in this host and highlight gaps in our knowledge of influenza virus ecology and even the evolutionary behavior of this virus family in its aquatic avian reservoirs.

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Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment and Lineage Replacement of H6 Influenza Viruses in Domestic Ducks in Southern China

Huang

Zhu

Fan

et al. 2012

J Virol

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“…Although this A(H6N1) (A/Taiwan/2/2013) infection was the first reported human case, the A(H6N1) subtype avian influenza virus has been circulating throughout North America and Eurasia for many years (18,19). Indeed, H6-specific antibodies have previously been detected in personnel working in Chinese live-animal markets as well as U.S. veterinarians exposed to birds (20,21).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Structure and Receptor Binding Preferences of Recombinant Hemagglutinins from Avian and Human H6 and H10 Influenza A Virus Subtypes

Yang

Carney

Chang

et al. 2015

J Virol

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During 2013, three new avian influenza A virus subtypes, A(H7N9), A(H6N1), and A(H10N8), resulted in human infections.While the A(H7N9) virus resulted in a significant epidemic in China across 19 provinces and municipalities, both A(H6N1) and A(H10N8) viruses resulted in only a few human infections. This study focuses on the major surface glycoprotein hemagglutinins from both of these novel human viruses. The detailed structural and glycan microarray analyses presented here highlight the idea that both A(H6N1) and A(H10N8) virus hemagglutinins retain a strong avian receptor binding preference and thus currently pose a low risk for sustained human infections. IMPORTANCEHuman infections with zoonotic influenza virus subtypes continue to be a great public health concern. We report detailed structural analysis and glycan microarray data for recombinant hemagglutinins from A(H6N1) and A(H10N8) viruses, isolated from human infections in 2013, and compare them with hemagglutinins of avian origin. This is the first structural report of an H6 hemagglutinin, and our results should further the understanding of these viruses and provide useful information to aid in the continuous surveillance of these zoonotic influenza viruses. Based on the serological reactivity of influenza A virus surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), 18 HA (H1 to H18) and 11 NA (N1 to N11) variants have been identified in aquatic birds and bats (1-3). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that annually, seasonal influenza viruses can infect up to 20% of the human population (http: //www.cdc.gov/flu). In the United States alone, estimates of influenza-associated deaths range from 3,000 to 49,000 per annum (4). In the last 100 years, three influenza virus subtypes have successfully adapted to the human population, causing four pandemics: H1N1 in 1918 and 2009, H2N2 in 1957, and H3N2 in 1968 (5-8). Avian influenza viruses have become endemic in domestic poultry in certain parts of the world, and a growing number of human cases of avian influenza infection with different subtypes [A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H7N2), A(H7N3), A(H7N7), and A(H9N2)] have been reported in recent years (9-14), causing significant public health concern.During 2013, three novel avian influenza A viruses, A(H7N9), A(H10N8), and A(H6N1), were isolated from human patients. The first human infection with an avian influenza A(H7N9) virus was reported in March 2013 near Shanghai, China, and its emergence led to a human epidemic in that country (15). Indeed, as of October 2014, the virus had spread widely to a number of provinces and municipalities in China and resulted in over 450 human cases, with an ϳ38% mortality rate. Not surprisingly, most research has focused on this A(H7N9) virus due to its rapid spread and severity. Whole-genome genetic analysis highlighted the fact that the six internal genes of the virus all originated from H9N2 viruses and may contribute to the increased pathogenicity observed in human infections (16).In mid-201...

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“…Furthermore, two of 11 healthy human volunteers inoculated with the H6N1 virus displayed mild upper respiratory symptoms, suggesting that this virus has the potential to infect mammals (Beare and Webster, 1991). In addition, some Taiwanese H6N1 viruses can replicate in mice without pre-adaptation (Lee et al, 2006). Therefore, clinically asymptomatic or unreported human infections of H6 viruses may have occurred.…”

Section: Co-circulating H5n2 Infl Uenza Viruses Reassorted With H6n1 mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Avian infl uenza A (H6N1) virus has been circulating throughout North America (Senne, 2003) and Eurasia (Lee et al, 2006) for many years. In Taiwan, the H6N1 virus has been circulating for over 30 years and is extremely prevalent among poultry, with approximately half of the layers and 30% of the broilers having antibodies against H6N1 influenza viruses ( Lee et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Taiwan, the H6N1 virus has been circulating for over 30 years and is extremely prevalent among poultry, with approximately half of the layers and 30% of the broilers having antibodies against H6N1 influenza viruses ( Lee et al, 2006). In southern China, H6N1 has established itself in minor poultry species (Cheung et al, 2007) and has been proposed to be the potential progenitor of the humaninfecting H5N1 infl uenza virus A/Hong Kong/156/97 (Hoffmann et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Origin and molecular characterization of the human-infecting H6N1 influenza virus in Taiwan

Shi

et al. 2013

Protein Cell

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In June 2013, the fi rst human H6N1 infl uenza virus infection was confirmed in Taiwan. However, the origin and molecular characterization of this virus, A/Taiwan/2/2013 (H6N1), have not been well studied thus far. In the present report, we performed phylogenetic and coalescent analyses of this virus and compared its molecular profi le/characteristics with other closely related strains. Molecular characterization of H6N1 revealed that it is a typical avian infl uenza virus of low pathogenicity, which might not replicate and propagate well in the upper airway in mammals. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the virus clusters with A/chicken/Taiwan/A2837/2013 (H6N1) in seven genes, except PB1. For the PB1 gene, A/Taiwan/2/2013 was clustered with a different H6N1 lineage from A/chicken/Taiwan/ A2837/2013. Although a previous study demonstrated that the PB2, PA, and M genes of A/Taiwan/2/2013 might be derived from the H5N2 viruses, coalescent analyses revealed that these H5N2 viruses were derived from more recent strains than that of the ancestor of A/Taiwan/2/2013. Therefore, we propose that A/Taiwan/2/2013 is a reassortant from different H6N1 lineages circulating in chickens in Taiwan. Furthermore, compared to avian isolates, a single P186L (H3 numbering) substitution in the hemagglutinin H6 of the human isolate might increase the mammalian receptor binding and, hence, this strain's pathogenicity in humans. Overall, human infection with this virus seems an accidental event and is unlikely to cause an infl uenza pandemic. However, its co-circulation and potential reassortment with other infl uenza subtypes are still worthy of attention.

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Genetic and Pathogenic Characterization of H6N1 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated in Taiwan Between 1972 and 2005

Cited by 59 publications

References 24 publications

Establishment and Lineage Replacement of H6 Influenza Viruses in Domestic Ducks in Southern China

Establishment and Lineage Replacement of H6 Influenza Viruses in Domestic Ducks in Southern China

Structure and Receptor Binding Preferences of Recombinant Hemagglutinins from Avian and Human H6 and H10 Influenza A Virus Subtypes

Origin and molecular characterization of the human-infecting H6N1 influenza virus in Taiwan

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