Genetic and environmental risk factors in Parkinson’s disease

Veldman, B.A.J.; Wijn, A.M; Knoers, N.V.A.M.; Praamstra, Peter; Horstink, M.W.I.M.

doi:10.1016/s0303-8467(98)00009-2

Cited by 68 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 185 publications

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“…The higher occurrence of PD in male may be due to toxicant exposure, head trauma (Veldman et al 1998), neuroprotection by estrogen, mitochondrial dysfunction and X-linkage of genetic risk factors (Wooten et al, 2004). The present results is also in an agreement with Falcone et al (2011), Wooten et al (2004, Khealani et al (2006) and Eeden (2003).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The symptoms of the disease include depression, Sleep disturbances (Pal et al, 2004) bradykinesia, hypokinesia, resting tremor, rigidity and postural reflexes (Veldman et al, 1998). It effects about 1-2% of the population (Reichmann et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parkinson's disease is due to selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and formation of Lewy bodies (Betarbet et al, 2000), however the genetic transformation of the disease is rare (Naught et al, 2001). Some studies showed that the risk of PD is inversely associated with smoking (Martyn and Osmond, 1995) due to Monoamine Oxidase Type B (MAO-B) inhibitor in the smoker body cells (Veldman et al, 1998). According to Fall et al (1996), the number of Parkinson's patients out of 10000 individuals was 57 in China, 347 in USA, 160 in Netherland and 115 in Sweden.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parkinson’s disease; Its Occurrence and Identification of Risk Factors in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Rahman

Ilahi

Khan

et al. 2012

JBLS

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The present survey aimed to study the age, gender, residency and occupation wise occurrence of Parkinson's disease in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. The Parkinson's patients, who were visiting Neurology Department, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, were interviewed and the information were recorded in questionnaires. The age limit of patients was 30 to 80 years. The data obtained was analyzed for gender, age, occupation and residency wise occurrence of Parkinson's disease. The survey showed that Parkinson's disease is more common in male than in female. The elderly age group (61-70 years) and farmers were more affected. The disease was more common in rural areas than in urban. The current investigation analyzes the pattern of Parkinson's disease and gives information about the related factors in the province.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parkinson’s disease; Its Occurrence and Identification of Risk Factors in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Rahman

Ilahi

Khan

et al. 2012

JBLS

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“…52 This figure increases to 43% if a history of isolated tremor is included. 53 In case control studies, the relative risk for a first-degree relative of an affected patient of developing PD is about 3.5.…”

Section: Geneticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parkinson's disease – pathology, aetiology and diagnosis

Macphee

Stewart

2012

Rev. Clin. Gerontol.

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SummaryParkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative condition. There is an increasing incidence and prevalence with advancing age and more cases are predicted as the population ages. Because of likely differing aetiology, genetics and pathology in individual patients, as well as confounding co-morbidities, diagnosis can be difficult even for specialists. We present an overview of the pathology, aetiology and differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease in older people. The importance of specialist medical input in diagnosis is emphasized.

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“…Studies of dietary links to Parkinson's disease and AD suggest that individuals with a low calorie intake are at reduced risk [66,91], while those with a low level of folic acid in their diets are at increased risk [15,60]. Head trauma may also increase risk of AD and Parkinson's disease [71,119]. Exposure to environmental toxins such as the pesticide rotenone may increase risk of Parkinson's disease [5].…”

Section: Genetic and Environmental Factors In Brain Aging And Neurodementioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroprotective and neurorestorative signal transduction mechanisms in brain aging: modification by genes, diet and behavior

Mattson

Duan

Chan

et al. 2002

Neurobiology of Aging

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Cells in the brain deploy multiple mechanisms to maintain the integrity of nerve cell circuits, and to facilitate responses to environmental demands and promote recovery of function after injury. The mechanisms include production of neurotrophic factors and cytokines, expression of various cell survival-promoting proteins (e.g. protein chaperones, antioxidant enzymes, Bcl-2 and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins), protection of the genome by telomerase and DNA repair proteins, and mobilization of neural stem cells to replace damaged neurons and glia. The aging process challenges such neuroprotective and neurorestorative mechanisms, often with devastating consequences as in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases and stroke. Genetic and environmental factors superimposed upon the aging process can determine whether brain aging is successful or unsuccessful. Mutations in genes that cause inherited forms of AD (amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilins), Parkinson's disease (␣-synuclein and parkin) and trinucleotide repeat disorders (e.g. huntingtin and the androgen receptor) overwhelm endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms. On the other hand, neuroprotective mechanisms can be bolstered by dietary (caloric restriction, and folate and antioxidant supplementation) and behavioral (cognitive and physical activities) modifications. At the cellular and molecular levels, successful brain aging can be facilitated by activating a hormesis response to which neurons respond by upregulating the expression of neurotrophic factors and stress proteins. Neural stem cells that reside in the adult brain are also responsive to environmental demands, and appear capable of replacing lost or dysfunctional neurons and glial cells, perhaps even in the aging brain. The recent application of modem methods of molecular and cellular biology to the problem of brain aging is revealing a remarkable capacity within brain cells for adaptation to aging and resistance to disease.

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Genetic and environmental risk factors in Parkinson’s disease

Cited by 68 publications

References 185 publications

Parkinson’s disease; Its Occurrence and Identification of Risk Factors in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Parkinson’s disease; Its Occurrence and Identification of Risk Factors in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Parkinson's disease – pathology, aetiology and diagnosis

Neuroprotective and neurorestorative signal transduction mechanisms in brain aging: modification by genes, diet and behavior

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