Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intellectual Disability in Childhood

Differential Brain, Cognitive and Motor Profiles Associated with Partial Trisomy. Modeling Down Syndrome in Mice

“…age or the institutional environment) and the lowest score of the IQ test used (40 or 45 on the Wechsler scales, but lower for other tests). Further bias often occurs for the mean IQ as many individuals with TRS21 record a minimum score (Carlier and Roubertoux 2014 ;Couzens et al 2011 ;Roubertoux and Carlier 2009 ;Tsao and Kindelberger 2009 ) while others cannot be assessed because of their poor language skills and/or the severity of their behavioral disorders. Attention, learning, planning, cognitive flexibility, memory and linguistic abilities are affected (Costanzo et al 2013 ;Grieco et al 2015 ;Lanfranchi et al 2010 ;Vicari 2006 ).…”

Misleading face-based judgment of cognitive level in intellectual disability: The case of trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)

“…All children but one were in the lower end of the standard scores, indicating a floor effect. This effect is well-known in research with intellectually disabled persons (e.g., Carlier & Ayoun, 2007;Carlier & Roubertoux, 2014;Hessl et al, 2009). It arises with most intelligence tests (Reynolds & Kamphaus, 2003), which therefore typically fail to detect valid differences in the lower ranges.…”

Attitudes, stigma, and ableism toward people with intellectual disability.

“…Despite advances in medical science and human genetics, there remains much to be learned about the etiological and risk factors that might cause ID. In fact, in approximately 40% to 50% of all cases of ID, the cause is unknown (Carlier & Roubertoux, 2014). In some African countries, this uncertainty regarding the cause of a person' s ID may be more than 70% (Adnams, 2010).…”