Genetic Analysis of Reemerging GII.P16-GII.2 Noroviruses in 2016–2017 in China

Ao, Yuanyun; Xu, Cong; Jin, Miao; Sun, Xiaoman; Wei, Xiaoman; Wang, Jinjin; Zhang, Qing; Song, Jiao; Yu, Jie-mei; Cui, Jie; Qi, Jianxun; Tan, Ming; Duan, Zhaojun

doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy182

Cited by 52 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The first GII.2[P16]positive sample was detected in August 2016 in Guangdong Province (36,37), and the number subsequently increased, with GII.2[P16] accounting for 70%-100% of norovirus outbreaks during winter 2016-17 in different provinces (38)(39)(40). Previous studies suggested that reemerging GII.2[P16] virus most likely evolved from strains emerging during 2012-2013 (41). Although the antigenicity and histo-blood group antigen binding profile of the early 2016-2017 and pre-2016 GII.2 noroviruses were similar, 1 GII.2[P16] strain with single Val256Ile mutation and the conventionally orientated Asp382 in VP1 showed an expanded histo-blood group antigen binding spectrum in China (41).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies suggested that reemerging GII.2[P16] virus most likely evolved from strains emerging during 2012-2013 (41). Although the antigenicity and histo-blood group antigen binding profile of the early 2016-2017 and pre-2016 GII.2 noroviruses were similar, 1 GII.2[P16] strain with single Val256Ile mutation and the conventionally orientated Asp382 in VP1 showed an expanded histo-blood group antigen binding spectrum in China (41). Unlike previously emergent GII.4 viruses, GII.2[P16] did not become a globally predominant genotype; however, this emerging virus was also detected in other countries, such as Germany, Italy, Japan, France, and the United States (42)(43)(44).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Norovirus Outbreak Surveillance, China, 2016–2018

Jin¹,

Wu²,

Kong³

et al. 2020

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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H uman noroviruses are the leading cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis, associated with ≈50% of all outbreaks worldwide (1). Norovirus outbreaks are frequently reported in semiclosed institutions, such as hospitals, nursing homes, schools, and childcare centers (2). The virus is primarily transmitted directly from person to person or indirectly through contaminated surfaces, food, or water (1). The relative stability of noroviruses on environmental surfaces makes infection control challenging (3). Several candidate norovirus vaccines are in clinical trials (4). Noroviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that belong to the genus Norovirus, family Caliciviridae. The genome is organized into 3 open reading frames (ORFs): ORF1 encodes polyprotein, ORF2 encodes the major capsid protein (VP1), and ORF3 encodes the minor (VP2) capsid protein. The viruses are classified into at least 7 genogroups (G), of which viruses from GI, GII, and GIV infect humans (5,6). On the basis of the diversity of VP1, these genogroups can be further divided into at least 33 genotypes: 9 GI, 22 GII, and 2 GIV (7). In addition, on the basis of the diversity of the polymerase region of ORF1, >14 GI polymerase (GI.P) types and 27 GII.P types have been described (7). Because of the frequent recombination at the ORF1/ORF2 junction region, a dual-typing system has been proposed for GI and GII noroviruses (7). Since 2002, genogroup II, genotype 4 (GII.4), noroviruses have been associated with most norovirus outbreaks globally, and new GII.4 variants have emerged every 2-3 years (8). Monitoring the trends in the distribution of the various genotypes and possible association of certain strains with a more severe disease outcome is important for understanding and controlling norovirus epidemics (9). Several norovirus outbreak surveillance networks, including NoroNet (10) and CaliciNet (7,11), have been developed during the past decade. NoroNet captures molecular and epidemiologic data on norovirus outbreaks and sporadic cases submitted by 19 participating countries across Europe and Asia and by Australia. CaliciNet is a norovirus outbreak surveillance network in the United States in which state and local public health laboratories electronically submit laboratory data, including sequences from norovirus outbreaks, to a central database (https://www. cdc.gov/norovirus/reporting/calicinet/data.html). CaliciNet data are integrated with epidemiologic data

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norovirus Outbreak Surveillance, China, 2016–2018

Jin¹,

Wu²,

Kong³

et al. 2020

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…Genetic recombination frequently occurs in RNA viruses and, since the first description of a naturally occurring norovirus recombination in 1997 [54], recombinant norovirus have been reported worldwide, including the region of Valencia [55]. Different studies have revealed an emergence of GII.P16-GII.2 recombinant strain in 2016 in different parts of the world [56][57][58][59]. This recombinant strain could become the currently predominant variant and be responsible for upcoming outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis caused by noroviruses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Surveillance of Norovirus and Rotavirus in Sewage (2016–2017) in Valencia (Spain)

Santiso-Bellón,

Randazzo,

Pérez-Cataluña

et al. 2020

Microorganisms

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The aim of the present study was to perform the molecular epidemiology of rotaviruses and noroviruses detected in sewage samples from a large wastewater facility from the city of Valencia, Spain. A total of 46 sewage samples were collected over a one-year period (September 2016 to September 2017). Norovirus and rotavirus were detected and quantified by RT-qPCR, genotyped by semi-nested RT-PCR and further characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Noroviruses and rotaviruses were widely distributed in sewage samples (69.6% for norovirus GI, 76.0% norovirus GII, and 71.7% rotaviruses) and viral loads varied from 4.33 to 5.75 log PCRU/L for norovirus GI, 4.69 to 6.95 log PCRU/L for norovirus GII, and 4.08 to 6.92 log PCRU/L for rotavirus. Overall, 87.5% (28/32) of GI noroviruses could not be genotyped, 6.25% (2/32) of the samples contained GI.2 genotype, and another 6.25% (2/32) were positive for GI.4 genotype. The most common genotype of GII noroviruses was GII.2 (40%, 14/35), followed by GII.6 (8.6%, 3/35) and GII.17 (5.7%, 2/35) while the remaining GII strains could not be typed (45.7%, 16/35). Rotavirus VP4 genotype P[8] was the only one found in 19 out of 33 rotavirus-positive samples (57.7%). G2 was the most prevalent rotavirus VP7 genotype (15.2%, 5/33) followed by G3, G9, and G12, with two positive samples for each genotype (6.1%, 2/33). In one sample both G1 and G2 genotypes were detected simultaneously (3%). The results presented here show that the surveillance of noroviruses and rotaviruses in sewage is useful for the study of their transmission in the population and their molecular epidemiology.

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“…It is noteworthy that, in addition to GII.4, a novel variant of GII.17 and a recombinant variant of GII.2 (GII. P16/GII.2) had a wide distribution between 2014 and 2015 and 2016 -2017, respectively [38][39][40][41].…”

Section: Genotype Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiology of norovirus gastroenteritis in China: disease burden and distribution of genotypes

et al. 2019

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With the improvements of sanitation and nationwide safe water supply the occurrence of bacterial diarrhea declined remarkably, while viruses became the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis (AGE). Of these viruses, noroviruses (NoVs) are responsible for a considerable burden of gastroenteritis, especially in children < 2 years and elderly ≥ 65 years. NoVs circulating in the Chinese population are antigenically highly diverse with the genotype GII.4 being the dominant strain followed by GII.3. Given the widespread contamination in environmental sources, and highly infectious nature of NoVs, vaccination would be the desirable strategy for the control of NoV infections. However, a better understanding of acquired immunity after infection, and a reliable immunological surrogate marker are urgently needed, since two vaccine candidates based on virus-like particles (VLPs) are currently moving into clinical evaluations in China.

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Genetic Analysis of Reemerging GII.P16-GII.2 Noroviruses in 2016–2017 in China

Abstract: Our findings provide new insights into GII.2 norovirus epidemics and highlight the necessity of enhanced global surveillance for potential epidemics of rare-genotype noroviruses.

Cited by 52 publications

References 36 publications

Norovirus Outbreak Surveillance, China, 2016–2018

Norovirus Outbreak Surveillance, China, 2016–2018

Epidemiological Surveillance of Norovirus and Rotavirus in Sewage (2016–2017) in Valencia (Spain)

The epidemiology of norovirus gastroenteritis in China: disease burden and distribution of genotypes

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