Genetic analysis of peste des petits ruminants virus from Pakistan

Abstract

BackgroundPeste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an endemic and highly contagious disease in small ruminants of Pakistan. Despite the fact that an effective vaccine is available, outbreaks are regularly occurring in the country. Thus so far, the diagnosis has primarily been made based on clinical outcome or serology. This study was carried out to characterize PPRV from an emerging wave of outbreaks from Punjab, Pakistan.ResultsA total of 32 blood samples from five different flocks were tested with real-time PCR for the presence of PPRV genome. The samples detected positive in real-time PCR (n = 17) were subjected to conventional PCR for the amplification of the nucleoprotein (N) gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequenced N genes (n = 8) indicated the grouping of all the sequences in lineage IV along with PPRV strains from Asian and Middle East. However, interestingly sequences were divided into two groups. One group of viruses (n = 7) clustered with previously characterized Pakistani isolates whereas one strain of PPRV was distinct and clustered with Saudi Arabian and Iranian strains of PPRV.ConclusionsResults demonstrated in this study expanded the information on the genetic nature of different PPRV population circulating in small ruminants. Such information is essential to understand genetic nature of PPRV strains throughout the country. Proper understanding of these viruses will help to devise control strategies in PPRV endemic countries such as Pakistan.

Confirmation and Sequence analysis of N gene of PPRV in South Xinjiang, China

“…PPRV mainly inf and ected sheep, goats, and wild small ruminants (Libeau et al 2014), but also other ruminants including cattle, buffalo, camel (Kwiatek et al 2011, Balamurugan et al 2012a and Asiatic lion (Balamurugan et al 2012b). PPRV was classified under Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae (Gibbs et al 1979), and has only one serotype (Anees et al 2013). PPRV is an enveloped negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus with the genome of 15948 nucleotides (nt) in length.…”

“…Recently, novel strains have emerged which contain 15 954 nucleotides and 15 957 nucleotides in China and 15 942 nucleotides in India (Bao et al 2014, Su et al 2015. The viral genome is composed of 6 genes (N, P, M, F, H and L), encoding 6 structural proteins, respectively (Shaila et al 1996, Luka et al2012, Anees et al 2013, Kumar et al 2014, Su et al 2015. According to the literature, PPRVs have been classified into 4 lineages (lineages I, II, III, and IV) based on the N genes (Maganga et al 2013).…”

Detection and Genetic Characterization of Lineage IV Peste Des Petits Ruminant Virus in Kazakhstan

“…Peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) is a negative‐strand RNA virus, belongs to the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae (Gibbs et al., ). Peste des petits ruminant was first described as an infection of sheep and goats in Cote‐d'Ivoire (Gargadennec and Lalanne, ), and since then, the virus has been confirmed across Africa, Asia and the European part of Turkey (Ozkul et al., ; Kwiatek et al., ; Banyard et al., ; Balamurugan et al., ; Anees et al., ; Muniraju et al., ; Soltan and Abd‐Eldaim, ; Wang et al., ). Peste des petits ruminant virus exists as a single serotype (Shaila et al., ) and on the basis of studying partial F and N gene sequences; PPR viruses are classified into four lineages (I, II, III and IV) that differ genetically (Ozkul et al., ; Kwiatek et al., ).…”

Phylogenetic analysis of peste des petits ruminants virus from outbreaks in Turkey during 2008–2012

“…PPR viruses belonging to lineages I and II have been isolated exclusively from west and central African countries including the Ivory Coast, where the PPR virus was first detected in the 1940s (Chard et al, 2008;Luka et al, 2011;Munir et al, 2012b). Lineage III has been isolated from eastern Africa and the Arabian peninsula (Shaila et al, 1996;Kwiatek et al, 2011); lineage IV has been isolated in Asia (Kwiatek et al, 2007;Kerur et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2009;Balamurugan et al, 2010;Munir et al, 2012a;Anees et al, 2013), in the Middle East (Esmaelizad et al, 2011), and more recently in northern Africa (Sanz-Alvarez et al, 2008;Kwiatek et al, 2011;De Nardi et al, 2012 locations 5737-5761 and 6184-6160, respectively (Özkul et al, 2002). The RT-PCR reaction was performed with a 1-step RT-PCR kit (QIAGEN) in a final volume of 20 µL, which contained 4 µL of 5X 1-step RT-PCR buffer, 0.4 µM of each primer, 0.8 µL of 10 mM of each dNTP, 0.8 µL enzyme mix, 4 µL of 5X Q solution, 7 µL of PCR-grade water, and 2.6 µL of sample RNA.…”