Genetic Analysis and Molecular Phylogeny of Simian T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I: Evidence for Independent Virus Evolution in Asia and Africa

Song, Ki Joon; Nerurkar, Vivek R.; Saitou, Naruya; Lazo, Aristides; Blakeslee, James R.; Miyoshi, Isao; Yanagihara, Richard

doi:10.1006/viro.1994.1097

Cited by 73 publications

(53 citation statements)

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“…Similarly, PTLV-3s exhibit broad diversity among NHPs in the wild; currently, 3 subtypes have been suggested according to the geographic origin of the strains (17): East African STLV-3 subtype A includes STLV-3 (PH969) found in a baboon (Papio hamadryas) from Eritrea (18) and from captive gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada) (19); West and Central African STLV-3 subtype B includes STLV-3 (CTO-604) and STLV-3 (CTO-602) found among mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus) from Cameroon (20) and STLV-3 (PPAF3) from baboons (P. hamadryas papio) from Senegal (17); and Central African STLV-3 subtype C includes divergent strains (Cni217 and Cni227) from Cercopithecus nictitans monkeys from Cameroon (21). Together, this clustering by geography rather than host species suggests the ease with which STLVs are transmitted among NHPs and possibly to humans (2,3,5,22,23).…”

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confidence: 99%

Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus Diversity among Nonhuman Primates, Cameroon

Sintasath¹,

Wolfe

LeBreton³

et al. 2009

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Cross-species transmission of retroviruses is common in Cameroon. To determine risk for simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV) transmission from nonhuman primates to hunters, we examined 170 hunter-collected dried blood spots (DBS) from 12 species for STLV. PCR with generic tax and group-specifi c long terminal repeat primers showed that 12 (7%) specimens from 4 nonhuman primate species were infected with STLV. Phylogenetic analyses showed broad diversity of STLV, including novel STLV-1 and STLV-3 sequences and a highly divergent STLV-3 subtype found in Cercopithecus mona and C. nictitans monkeys. Screening of peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA from 63 HTLVseroreactive, PCR-negative hunters did not identify human infections with this divergent STLV-3. Therefore, huntercollected DBS can effectively capture STLV diversity at the point where pathogen spillover occurs. Broad screening using this relatively easy collection strategy has potential for large-scale monitoring of retrovirus cross-species transmission among highly exposed human populations.

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confidence: 99%

Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus Diversity among Nonhuman Primates, Cameroon

Sintasath¹,

Wolfe

LeBreton³

et al. 2009

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…The very stable genome of these viruses provides an excellent tool for investigating the origin of PTLV in general and of HTLV-I and HTLV-II in particular (Gessain et al, 1992;Komurian et al, 1991 ;Liu et al, 1994a). The discovery of divergent Asian STLV-I (Song et al, 1994;Watanabe et al, 1986) and Asian and Australian HTLV-I strains (Bastian et aL, 1992;Gessain et al, 1993) together with the presence of HTLV-II among native Amerindians Lairmore et al, 1990;Maloney et al, 1992) support an Asian origin of PTLV. However, recent phylogenetic studies using divergent African and Asian STLV-I strains support an African origin of the African and cosmopolitan HTLV-I strains, and an Asian origin of the Melanesian and Australian HTLV-I strains, implying several separate interspecies transmissions (Koralnik et al, 1994;Saksena et al, 1994;Song et al, 1994;Vandamme et al, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The presence of a divergent T-lymphotropic virus in a wild-caught pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus) supports an African origin for the human T-lymphotropic/simian T-lymphotropic group of viruses

Vandamme

Liu

Brussel

et al. 1996

Journal of General Virology

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We isolated a divergent simian T-lymphotropic virus (STLV) (strain PP1664) from a wild-caught African bonobo (pygmy chimpanzee, Pan paniscus). Molecular and phylogenetic characterization of this virus show that it reliably separates from the two well-established primate T-lymphotropic virus types, HTLV-I/STLV-I (PTLV-I) and PTLV-II, and from a third type isolated from an African-born Papio hamadryas and designated by us as PTLV-L. Four of eight bonobos kept at the Antwerp Zoo, Belgium, showed an aberrant PTLV serology. We amplified and sequenced a 709 bp PTLV proviral tax/rex fragment from one of the reactive bonobos. It differs by about 25 % from the homologous nucleotide sequences of PTLV-I and PTLV-L and by about 17 % from PTLV-II. This is comparable to the differences among the three known types. Including the most divergent STLV-I strains sequenced to date, for example, strain PHSul sequenced here, the divergence in this region within PTLV-I is less than 11% and within PTLV-II less than 4 %. Although very divergent, this new bonobo STLV is the closest well-characterized simian relative of HTLV-II, raising the possibility of very divergent new HTLV strains. Our results show that the number of PTLV types should be considered open and that the variety of indigenous viruses in the PTLV group is greatest in Africa. Thus, as for the other primate retroviruses HIV and SIV, PTLV most probably has its origins in Africa.

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“…HTLV-I is closely related to simian T lymphotropic virus I (STLV-I). The high genetic diversity in Asian isolates suggests its emergence there, but there is evidence for multiple viral reservoirs for HTLV-1/STLV-1 in higher primates and local humans (Song et al 1994). Thus, there likely were multiple separate introductions into humans.…”

Section: Wwwannualreviewsorg • the Human Microbiota And Migrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Human Microbiota as a Marker for Migrations of Individuals and Populations

Domínguez-Bello

Blaser

2011

Annu. Rev. Anthropol.

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In this review, we discuss evidence that the microbes that constitute the human microbiota coevolved with humans and maintain complex community and host interactions. Because these microbes are mostly vertically transmitted, they have evolved within each human group and provide a view of human ancestry. In particular, we discuss using Helicobacter pylori as a marker of ancestry and migrations. Other organisms with more mixed vertical and horizontal transmission are not suitable to trace migrations with any fidelity. Human mixing affects microbial phylogeographic signals, and lifestyles impact the human microbiome population structure. A decade after the human genome was sequenced, we are gaining insights into the population structure of the human microbiome. We also examine whether, rather than focus on the genetics of single microbial populations, a wider approach to the study of human ancestry based on the human microbiome is now possible.

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Genetic Analysis and Molecular Phylogeny of Simian T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I: Evidence for Independent Virus Evolution in Asia and Africa

Cited by 73 publications

References 0 publications

Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus Diversity among Nonhuman Primates, Cameroon

Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus Diversity among Nonhuman Primates, Cameroon

The presence of a divergent T-lymphotropic virus in a wild-caught pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus) supports an African origin for the human T-lymphotropic/simian T-lymphotropic group of viruses

The Human Microbiota as a Marker for Migrations of Individuals and Populations

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