Genetic analysis and biological characteristics of novel clade 2.3.4.4 reassortment H5N6 avian influenza viruses from poultry in eastern China in 2016

Yang, Fan; Xiao, Yixin; Liu, Fumin; Cheng, Linfang; Yao, Hang‐Ping; Wu, Nanping; Wu, Haibo

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.07.074

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…Despite the remarkable ability of clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx HPAI viruses to reassort [45] and the extensive circulation of both clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx and H9N2 viruses in Asian and African poultry, reassortment events between H9N2 and HP H5Nx viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 have only rarely been reported. In particular, natural HP 2.3.4.4 H5Nx/H9N2 reassortant viruses were detected in domestic birds in China (2015China ( , 2016 [46][47][48] and Egypt (2018Egypt ( , 2019 [49,50]. It is relevant to highlight that 2.3.4.4 HPAI H5N6 viruses with internal gene constellations derived from H9N2 viruses had also infected humans in 2015 and 2016 in China [51].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Emergence of a Reassortant 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Containing H9N2 PA Gene in Burkina Faso, West Africa, in 2021

Ouoba¹,

Habibata-Zerbo²,

Zecchin

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Since 2006, the poultry population in Burkina Faso has been seriously hit by different waves of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 epizootics. In December 2021, three distinct regions of Burkina Faso, namely, Gomboussougou, Bonyollo, and Koubri, detected HPAI H5N1 viruses in poultry. Whole genome characterization and statistical phylogenetic approaches were applied to shed light on the potential origin of these viruses and estimate the time of virus emergence. Our results revealed that the HPAI H5N1 viruses reported in the three affected regions of Burkina Faso cluster together within clade 2.3.4.4b, and are closely related to HPAI H5N1 viruses identified in Nigeria and Niger in the period 2021–2022, except for the PA gene, which clusters with H9N2 viruses of the zoonotic G1 lineage collected in West Africa between 2017 and 2020. These reassortant viruses possess several mutations that may be associated with an increased zoonotic potential. Although it is difficult to ascertain where and when the reassortment event occurred, the emergence of a H5N1/H9N2 reassortant virus in a vulnerable region, such as West Africa, raises concerns about its possible impact on animal and human health. These findings also highlight the risk that West Africa may become a new hotspot for the emergence of new genotypes of HPAI viruses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Emergence of a Reassortant 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Containing H9N2 PA Gene in Burkina Faso, West Africa, in 2021

Ouoba¹,

Habibata-Zerbo²,

Zecchin

et al. 2022

Viruses

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“…Human infection with avian in uenza A (H5N6) initially presents with fever, sore throat, chills, cough, and myalgia. It may then rapidly develop to acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, which can lead to patient death [1]. HOCM is characterized by asymmetric left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian influenza A (H5N6) virus combined with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy treated with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a case report

Zhang

Xie

xiao

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: Avian influenza A H5N6 is considered to be extremely lethal, and when combined with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy （HOCM）, difficulty of treatment and risk of death are highly increased. In case report described the treatment of a patient with H5N6 combined with HOCM, in which lessons learned regarding treatment failure were discussed. The information provided by this report may provide a reference for treatment. Thus far, no cases of H5N6 combined with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy have been reported in literature. Case Presentation: A 56-year-old male diagnosed with Avian influenza A H5N6 combined with HOCM who was treated with veno‑venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation（VV-ECMO ）for thirty-two days presented to hospital. Oseltamivir, immunoglobulin, methylprednisolone and continuous renal replacement therapy were also given; however, the patient unfortunately died given H5N6’s high pathogenicity. Conclusions: Avian influenza A (H5N6) has a high fatality rate. Multiple organ failure can lead to the death of patients in a short period of time, and HOCM is prone to diastolic dysfunction and arrhythmia. According to its pathophysiological characteristics, an appropriate preload should be maintained, though it is not conducive in reducing pulmonary exudation. Therefore, H5N6 combined with HOCM can increase the difficulty of volume management. Accordingly, prompt treatment, early antiviral therapy, strong organ support, and enhanced infection control may improve patient outcomes. In particular, attention should be given to the possibility of secondary bacterial and fungal infections after influenza.

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Susceptibility of common family Anatidae bird species to clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus: an experimental infection study

et al. 2022

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Background There were large outbreaks of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) caused by clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 viruses in the winter of 2016–2017 in Japan, which caused large numbers of deaths among several endangered bird species including cranes, raptors, and birds in Family Anatidae. In this study, susceptibility of common Anatidae to a clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 HPAI virus was assessed to evaluate their potential to be a source of infection for other birds. Eurasian wigeons (Mareca penelope), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and Northern pintails (Anas acuta) were intranasally inoculated with 106, 104, or 102 50% egg infectious dose (EID50) of clade 2.3.4.4e A/teal/Tottori/1/2016 (H5N6). Results All birds survived for 10 days without showing any clinical signs of infection. Most ducks inoculated with ≥ 104 EID50 of virus seroconverted within 10 days post-inoculation (dpi). Virus was mainly shed via the oral route for a maximum of 10 days, followed by cloacal route in late phase of infection. Virus remained in the pancreas of some ducks at 10 dpi. Viremia was observed in some ducks euthanized at 3 dpi, and ≤ 106.3 EID50 of virus was recovered from systemic tissues and swab samples including eyeballs and conjunctival swabs. Conclusions These results indicate that the subject duck species have a potential to be a source of infection of clade 2.3.4.4e HPAI virus to the environment and other birds sharing their habitats. Captive ducks should be reared under isolated or separated circumstances during the HPAI epidemic season to prevent infection and further viral dissemination.

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Genetic analysis and biological characteristics of novel clade 2.3.4.4 reassortment H5N6 avian influenza viruses from poultry in eastern China in 2016

Cited by 3 publications

References 60 publications

Emergence of a Reassortant 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Containing H9N2 PA Gene in Burkina Faso, West Africa, in 2021

Emergence of a Reassortant 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Containing H9N2 PA Gene in Burkina Faso, West Africa, in 2021

Avian influenza A (H5N6) virus combined with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy treated with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a case report

Susceptibility of common family Anatidae bird species to clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus: an experimental infection study

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