Genetic algorithm for the design of a multiband microstrip antenna with self‐avoiding geometry obtained by backtracking

Abstract

The growth of small communication devices has pushed designers to design compact-size antennas. These antennas must be low cost, lightweight, needed for mechanically robust construction, and ease of installation. In this paper, we use a novel genetic algorithm (GA) to produce an ensemble of compact self-avoiding (SA) antennas such that the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is less than 2 at the desired frequencies (as a measure of efficiency); an optimization criterion to get a desirable multiband antenna in the ultra high frequency (UHF) band. First, the electromagnetic properties of these antennas are simulated using the method of moments in MATLAB. SA antennas form a particular set of dipoles introduced here by applying a novel backtracking algorithm. We also use a Lindenmayer system that generates the geometries by a Turtle graphics render to reach our goal. Next, we simulate the VSWR for 150,000 SA antennas with lengths L from 0.1 to 0.4 m; 10 different frequencies are chosen randomly within the UHF band to obtain our results. All the VSWR ≤ 2 are clustered using density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise algorithm (DBSCAN), so our method provides the frequency ranges where this condition is fulfilled. From this, we obtain the VSWR minimums used for the antenna design. Finally, as an instance, we use our results to select the appropriate size of a multiband antenna and, through genetic algorithms, modify the geometry to satisfy the design requirements.

The Antennas of Next Generations

“…Finally, the proposed antenna is an attractive solution for 5G wireless applications below 6 GHz." [6]. The aim of this literature review was to bring out some of the antennas that have already been discussed on the subject of new generation antennas.…”

“…On the one hand, 5G does not immediately solve the issue, because because of its frequencies, excellent coverage is more difficult to achieve. On the other hand, it is possible to imagine a small local loop for a hamlet with a central point (served by radio or fibre) and scattered points a few kilometres apart [6][7][8]. With 5G, it is possible to have "aggregate throughput", and radio resources could be distributed more flexibly among network users.…”