Genesis of the Permian karstic Pingguo bauxite deposit, western Guangxi, China

Liu, Xuefei; Wang, Qingfei; Zhang, Qizuan; Yang, Shujuan; Liang, Yayun; Zhang, Ying; Li, Yan; Guan, Tao

doi:10.1007/s00126-017-0723-y

Cited by 44 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…The Jiujialu Formation, which shows parallel unconformities with the overlying lower Carboniferous limestone/clay rock and the underlying Cambrian or Ordovician dolomite strata, usually comprises a 1–20 m thick bauxite bed (bauxite ore/clay rock) and an underlying 0–6 m thick iron bed (iron ore/iron‐rich clay) (Figure 2). This typical “iron‐bauxite” structure is widespread worldwide, such as the Ghiona bauxite deposit in Greece (Kalaitzidis et al., 2010), the Nurra bauxite deposit in Italy (Mameli et al., 2007), the Kanisheeteh, Kanirash, Shahindezh, Qopi, Darzi‐Vali; Soleiman‐Kandi, Kani‐Zarrineh bauxite deposits in Iran (Abedini, Habibi Mehr, et al., 2019; Abedini et al., 2019a, 2019b; Abedini et al., 2022a, 2022b; Calagari & Abedini, 2007; Khosravi et al., 2017, 2021), and most bauxite deposits in China (e.g., Ling et al., 2017; X. Liu et al., 2017; Yu et al., 2019; Z. Zhang et al., 2013). In central Guizhou, the thickness of the Jiujialu Formation is controlled by the paleo‐karst unconformities, that is, the thickness above the karst depression is greater than that above the highland (Figure 3).…”

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron Loss During Continental Weathering in the Early Carboniferous Period Recorded by Karst Bauxites

et al. 2023

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Significant iron (Fe) loss can occur during continental weathering and efflux to the ocean via runoff, historically affecting global Fe cycling and marine ecosystems. Here, we report extremely low Fe content in early Carboniferous (ca. 340 Ma) bauxites in southwestern China. These bauxites were formed by redeposition of terrestrial soils along the paleo‐continental margin of the western South China Plate in warm climates. The bauxites contain high δ56Fe (−0.17‰ to +1.15‰) values with a negative correlation between Fe2O3 and δ56Fe, indicating that a substantial amount of Fe(III) was reduced to isotopically light dissolved Fe(II) and effuxed to the ocean via reductive dissolution under anoxic conditions. The low Corg content and low FeHR/FeT, Mo/Al, U/Al, and V/Al ratios of bauxite suggest that this reduction process occurred during the pedogenic (continental weathering) rather than the depositional/diagenetic stage of karst bauxite formation. Most of the dissolved Fe(II) were rapidly re‐oxidized to Fe(III) and transported toward the paleo‐continental margin forming iron ores with δ56Fe values around zero (−0.13‰ to +0.16‰). The negative correlation between Al2O3 and Fe2O3 contents in global karst bauxites suggests common Fe loss processes during continental weathering in geological periods favoring karst bauxite formation, such as during the Carboniferous, Permian, and Cretaceous periods and the Cenozoic era. Karst bauxite may thus provide a record of Fe loss during continental weathering and act as an indicator of enhanced Fe flux to oceans.

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Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron Loss During Continental Weathering in the Early Carboniferous Period Recorded by Karst Bauxites

et al. 2023

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“…However, the geochemical indices revealed that the shale facies of the Ruteh Formation could be a plausible origin for some lateritic‐bauxitic horizons (Abedini et al, 2018). The findings of Liu et al (2017) based on Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotopic composition, indicated that the Late Permian bauxites of western Guangxi in China were generated by both the weathering of basalts of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province and limestone bedrock.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Mineralogy and geochemistry of Permian–Triassic lateritic‐bauxitic horizons, eastern and central Alborz, Iran: Implications for provenance, palaeogeography, and palaeoclimate

et al. 2022

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This paper presents a survey of geological attributes on the lateritic‐bauxitic deposits to examine their provenance, palaeogeography, and palaeoclimate condition in the Permian–Triassic boundary of Alborz Mountain, north Iran. The mineralogical analysis revealed that haematite, quartz, goethite, kaolinite, diaspore, boehmite, and anatase are the major rock‐forming minerals in these deposits. The major oxide composition of samples detected that enrichment of Al2O3 (up to 31.5%) and Fe2O3 (up to 37.9%) led to the formation of laterite, kaolinitic laterite, and bauxitic kaolinite. The distribution of trace and rare elements provides information about the enrichment of deposits concerning immobile elements. Employing geochemical proxies such as Al2O3/TiO2, bivariate diagrams of Eu/Eu* versus Sm/Nd and TiO2/Al2O3, enrichment of samples relative to heavy rare earth elements, and positive Eu anomaly revealed that the deposits originated from intermediate to mafic rocks. Several factors are inferred to be responsible for the transformation of parent rock(s) into lateritic‐bauxitic deposits: The high values of CIA, CIW, and PIA (mostly above 80) and increase of kaolinite point to deep to moderate parent rock(s) weathering, which is consistent with warming and humidity around the Permian–Triassic boundary. In continuation, transportation and trapping of weathered materials above the karstified carbonate bedrock of the Ruteh Formation and environmental interactions induced the formation of new minerals in a transitional environment near the vadose zone. The deposits have a generic correspondence with Palaeotethys Oceanic crustal subduction due to tectonic uplift, exhumation of bedrock, and regional sea‐level fall at the end of Palaeozoic that offered an opportunity for lateritization process.

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“…However, recent research has revealed that the diaspore in karst bauxite deposits originated not only from metamorphic processes but also from simple crystallization processes [32][33][34][35][36][37]. Generally, diaspore in karst bauxite forms under supergene conditions in alkaline and reducing environments [11,34,38]. Similarly, anatase formation occurs under reducing conditions [5,33,37].…”

Section: Effect Of the Karst Geomorphology On Mineral Faciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Karst Geomorphology on the Sedimentary Mineralization and Geochemical Distribution of Bauxite: An Example from the Xiaoyuan Area in Qingzhen, Guizhou Province

Yang

Luo

et al. 2023

Minerals

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Bauxite, in central Guizhou, is predominantly karst bauxite, but there is insufficient research on the effect of karst paleogeomorphology on bauxite development. Xiaoyuan bauxite is also a karst bauxite, and high- and low-iron bauxite deposits exist in the study area. This study conducts geological modeling of karst bauxite using controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT) data and drill core data. The effects of karst paleogeomorphology on bauxite deposition and mineralization are evaluated by assessing karst paleogeomorphology, conducting a mineralogical analysis of drill cores at different locations, and determining the geochemical distribution characteristics of the elements in the horizontal and vertical directions. Combined with previous research results, we propose two metallogenic processes of high-iron and low-iron bauxite. The findings are significant for understanding the mechanism of bauxite formation.

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Genesis of the Permian karstic Pingguo bauxite deposit, western Guangxi, China

Cited by 44 publications

References 92 publications

Iron Loss During Continental Weathering in the Early Carboniferous Period Recorded by Karst Bauxites

Iron Loss During Continental Weathering in the Early Carboniferous Period Recorded by Karst Bauxites

Mineralogy and geochemistry of Permian–Triassic lateritic‐bauxitic horizons, eastern and central Alborz, Iran: Implications for provenance, palaeogeography, and palaeoclimate

Effect of Karst Geomorphology on the Sedimentary Mineralization and Geochemical Distribution of Bauxite: An Example from the Xiaoyuan Area in Qingzhen, Guizhou Province

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