Genesis of Kupferschiefer Cu-Ag deposits by convective flow of Rotliegendes brines during Triassic rifting

Jowett, E. Craig

doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.81.8.1823

Cited by 131 publications

(60 citation statements)

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“…There must have been several phases of 'mineralization' (sensu lato) that extended over a much longer period of time than most previous workers have proposed (e.g., the 5-10 m.y. of Jowett, 1986, or the 20 m.y. of Vaughan et al, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsidence rates were not constant and periods when subsidence and heat flow increased could have led to specific episodes of increased fluid release and mineralization. Zientek et al (2015) illustrated the association between basin development and periods of mineralization, and this approach has been adopted and extended here, with the addition of further age determinations and taking into account Previous attempts to quantify the volumes of fluid involved in the Kupferschiefer mineralization have advocated the presence of relatively high concentrations of copper in the hydrothermal fluids (e.g., 1000 ppm; Jowett, 1986;127 ppm;Cathles et al, 1993;60 ppm;Blundell et al, 2003), values not readily found elsewhere in fluids from similar, low-temperature sedimentary basin environments (e.g. Sverjensky, 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wagner and Lorenz, 2002). Although many early studies advocated a syngenetic origin for the mineralization, current opinion supports a post-depositional (diagenetic or epigenetic) origin for the majority of the sulphide mineralization (e.g., Jowett, 1986;Jowett et al, 1987b;Kucha and Pawlikowski, 1986;Cathles et al, 1993;Wodzicki and Piestrzynski, 1994;Blundell et al, 2003;Brown, 2014). Cited evidence includes: (1) textures that show sulphides replacing quartz grains, calcite cement, and pyrite framboids; (2) metal zonation that is locally discordant to the stratigraphy; and (3) the presence of mineralized veinlets.…”

Section: Geological Overviewmentioning

confidence: 98%

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A multistage origin for Kupferschiefer mineralization

Alderton

Selby

Kucha

et al. 2016

Ore Geology Reviews

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Additional information:Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. 'event' for introducing additional metals is as yet unknown.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geological Overviewmentioning

confidence: 98%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A multistage origin for Kupferschiefer mineralization

Alderton

Selby

Kucha

et al. 2016

Ore Geology Reviews

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“…These fluids formed convection cells within the Rotliegend sequence capped by the Zechstein sediments (cf. Jowett 1986). In these convection cells, calcite and later barite were precipitating.…”

Section: Post-variscan Evolution Of Fluids In the Thuringian Basinmentioning

confidence: 94%

Fluid evolution and mineralogy of Mn-Fe-barite-fluorite mineralizations at the contact of the Thuringian Basin, Thüringer Wald and Thüringer Schiefergebirge in Germany

Majzlan¹,

Brey-Funke²,

Malz³

et al. 2016

Geologica Carpathica

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Numerous small deposits and occurrences of Mn-Fe-fluorite-barite mineralization have developed at the contact of the Thuringian Basin, Thüringer Wald and Thüringer Schiefergebirge in central Germany. The studied mineralizations comprise the assemblages siderite+ankerite-calcite-fluorite-barite and hematite-Mn oxides-calcite-barite, with the precipitation sequence in that order within each assemblage. A structural geological analysis places the origin of the barite veins between the Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. Primary fluid inclusions contain water vapour and an aqueous phase with NaCl and CaCl 2 as the main solutes, with salinities mostly between 24-27 mass. % CaCl 2 eq. T h measurements range between 85 °C and 160 °C in barite, between 139 °C and 163 °C in siderite, and between 80 °C and 130 °C in fluorite and calcite. Stable isotopes (S, O) point to the evaporitic source of sulphur in the observed mineralizations. The S,C,O isotopic compositions suggest that barite and calcite could not have precipitated from the same fluid. The isotopic composition of the fluid that precipitated barite is close to the sea water in the entire PermoMesozoic time span whereas calcite is isotopically distinctly heavier, as if the fluids were affected by evaporation. The fluid evolution in the siliciclastic/volcanic Rotliegend sediments (as determined by a number of earlier petrological and geochemical studies) can be correlated with the deposition sequence of the ore minerals. In particular, the bleaching of the sediments by reduced Rotliegend fluids (basinal brines) could be the event that mobilized Fe and Mn. These elements were deposited as siderite+ankerite within the Zechstein carbonate rocks and as hematite+Mn oxides within the oxidizing environment of the Permian volcanic and volcanoclastic rocks. A Middle-Jurassic illitization event delivered Ca, Na, Ba, and Pb from the feldspars into the basinal brines. Of these elements, Ba was deposited as massive barite veins.

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“…Although only recognized much later to be misleading, the implication was that the ferric oxide of the redbeds signaled oxidizing conditions and therefore the hematite of footwall redbeds assured that conditions were suitably oxidizing for transporting copper. At the time, our understanding of the solubility of copper seemed chemically complete and sufficient for designing basin-scale models (e.g., [8,[15][16][17][18][19][20]). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constraints on Conceptual and Quantitative Modeling of Early Diagenetic Sediment-Hosted Stratiform Copper Mineralization

Brown

2017

Minerals

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Early diagenetic sediment-hosted stratiform copper (eSSC) mineralization results from low-temperature cuprous chloride complexes carried by saline aqueous solution circulating through footwall aquifers. Favorable copper solubilities are attained in moderately oxidizing, near-neutral pH solutions. That specific oxidation level is not determined by co-existence with hematite, with its near-indiscriminant control over Eh. Instead, redbed footwall aquifers are signatures of diagenetic oxidation. Relentless in-situ oxidation of ferrous minerals in redbeds produces pore waters too reduced to transport copper, thus eliminating compaction waters as ore solutions. Continuous early influxes of descending oxygen-rich meteoric waters which have assimilated evaporitic salts may redden aquifers and still retain oxidation levels capable of carrying copper to form downstream eSSCs.

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Genesis of Kupferschiefer Cu-Ag deposits by convective flow of Rotliegendes brines during Triassic rifting

Cited by 131 publications

References 0 publications

A multistage origin for Kupferschiefer mineralization

A multistage origin for Kupferschiefer mineralization

Fluid evolution and mineralogy of Mn-Fe-barite-fluorite mineralizations at the contact of the Thuringian Basin, Thüringer Wald and Thüringer Schiefergebirge in Germany

Constraints on Conceptual and Quantitative Modeling of Early Diagenetic Sediment-Hosted Stratiform Copper Mineralization

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