Genesis of Breast Cancer Is in the Premenopause

Significance of S-phase fraction and hormone receptor content in the management of young breast cancer patients

“…This similarity is in line with the fact that age seems not to be an independent prognostic factor in breast cancer (Clark et al, 1989;Kallioniemi et al, 1988;Sigurdsson et al, 1990;Stal et al, 1991), although young patients treated by surgery alone tend to relapse at a higher rate than older ones (Simpson et al, 1988). This probably reflects the fact that young patients more often have tumours which are receptor negative, DNA aneuploid or of high S-phase fraction than have older patients (Olsson et al, 1991;Sigurdsson et al, 1990;Simpson et al, 1988;von Rosen et al, 1986;Wilking et al, 1989). The present series indicates that SPF is the one most strongly related to age.…”

Shift work and cancer – considerations on rationale, mechanisms, and epidemiology

“…Initiation of breast cancer may occur many years before the clinical manifestation of the tumor. During the reproductive lifespan, the epithelium in a breast proliferates and is vulnerable to carcinogenic agents (178)(179). The decade between 20-30 years of age, during which exposure to shift work is frequent, may be an important time for carcinogenesis and must be considered in the study of mechanisms and the search for protective and preventative measures.…”

Four regions of allelic imbalance on 17q12-qter associated with high-grade breast tumors

“…Ductal carcinoma in situ may represent a preinvasive form of breast cancer (Lagios, 1990;Radford et al, 1995). It has been hypothesized that DCIS precedes invasive cancers (Devilee and Cornelisse, 1994), although a direct conversion from normal to invasive breast epithelium has also been proposed (Simpson et al, 1988;Ponten et al, 1990;Devilee and Cornelisse, 1994). Unfortunately, comparison of the genetic changes involved in DCIS with invasive carcinomas has been limited (Murphy et al, 1995;Radford et al, 1995;Munn et al, 1996).…”