Genesis and growth of the red beryl from Utah (U.S.A.)

Aurisicchio, Carlo; Fioravanti, G Melli; Grubessi, O.; Mottana, Annibale

doi:10.1007/bf03001774

Cited by 10 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…As the latter combine to form hexagonal rings perpendicular to the c axis, they determine beryls as ring silicates or cyclosilicates (Mittani et al, 2002a;Viana et al, 2002a;Fridrichová et al, 2015;Skvortsova et al, 2015;Yu et al, 2017). Yet, beryl is sometimes also considered a tectosilicate in accordance with the classification by Zoltai, who interpreted the beryl structure as a three-dimensionally interlinked network of polyhedra (Zoltai, 1960;de Almeida Sampaio Filho et al, 1973;Aurisicchio et al, 1988). The Si tetrahedra rings are linked to each other via the Al octahedra and Be tetrahedra.…”

Section: Crystal Structure and Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Successive layers of this combination of polyhedra create channels parallel to the c axis of the hexagonal crystal structure. The channels have a maximum width of 5.1 Å (0.51 nm) (Kolesov and Geiger, 2000;Krambrock et al, 2002;Mashkovtsev et al, 2016;Fukuda and Shinoda, 2008;Blak et al, 1982) alternating with bottlenecks of 2.8 Å (0.28 nm) (Kolesov and Geiger, 2000;Mashkovtsev et al, 2016;Blak et al, 1982;Fukuda et al, 2009), thus creating two possible crystallographic positions, referred to as 2a and 2b (Hawthorne and Černý, 1977;Aurisicchio et al, 1988;Mashkovtsev and Lebedev, 1993;Artioli et al, 1995;Fukuda and Shinoda, 2008;Mashkovtsev et al, 2016;Andersson, 2019) at the coordinates (0, 0, 0.25) for the 2a site and (0, 0, 0) for the 2b site, respectively (Hawthorne and Černý, 1977;Kolesov and Geiger, 2000;Aurisicchio et al, 1988;Fukuda and Shinoda, 2008;Artioli et al, 1995;Gatta et al, 2006;Fridrichová et al, 2018). In addition to the replacement of constituting ions by ions of similar valence state and radii as is possible in many minerals, the large dimension of the Si tetrahedra channels in beryl provides space for various large molecules and ions, such as H 2 O or Na, K, Ca, and Cs, to be incorporated (Krambrock et al, 2002;Kolesov and Geiger, 2000).…”

Section: Crystal Structure and Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Incorporation and substitution of ions and H₂O in the structure of beryl

Hanser,

Häger,

Botcharnikov

2024

Eur. J. Mineral.

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Abstract. Incorporation of ions into the crystal structure of beryl (Be3Al2[Si6O18]) can take place by direct ion-to-ion substitution of the framework components Al3+, Be2+ and Si4+ or by occupation of interstitial or structural channel sites. The most common impurities in beryl include transition metals, alkalis and H2O. It is accepted that the transition metals Mn, Cr and V directly substitute for Al at the octahedral site and induce colour. Similarly, the octahedral site can host Fe instead of Al. Nevertheless, it is shown that it remains disputed whether Fe can also be present at the tetrahedral, interstitial, or channel sites, and opposing hypotheses exist regarding these possibilities. However, in the case of Fe, not only the possible occupation of these sites remains under debate, but also their influence on the subsequent colour of beryl. Similarly, the residence of Li in the channels and at the Be tetrahedral or interstitial tetrahedral sites is still under debate. The presence of more than two types of H2O (type I and type II) in the structural channels of beryl is also unclear. This article aims to give an overview on the consensus and on the current debates found in the literature regarding these aspects. It mainly concentrates on the substitution by and the role of Fe ions and on channel occupancy by H2O.

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Section: Crystal Structure and Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Crystal Structure and Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Incorporation and substitution of ions and H₂O in the structure of beryl

Hanser,

Häger,

Botcharnikov

2024

Eur. J. Mineral.

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“…From structural point of view, hexagonal rings are connected in beryl by the Be ions on tetrahedral sites and Al ions in octahedral sites . The six‐membered rings are stacked vertically along the c ‐axis forming channels, where ‘impurities’ (Na, K, Cs or OH − , H 2 O, CO 2 , CH 4 ) can be accommodated . Raman spectra were commonly used to learn about beryl and its varieties, to identify this mineral unambiguously .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of seven portable Raman spectrometers: beryl as a case study

Jehlička

Culka

Bersani

et al. 2017

J Raman Spectroscopy

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In this paper, a series of beryl varieties with the accent on emeralds was investigated using seven portable Raman spectrometers equipped mainly with 785-and 532-nm excitation lasers. Additionally, one dual system and a new portable sequentially shifted excitation Raman spectrometer were applied. The advantage of using handheld instrumentation for investigations to be carried out outside the laboratory is well documented. For major part of beryls (emeralds and aquamarines), the most intense Raman bands are found at correct positions +/À2 to 4 cm À1 using all the instruments (with the exception of one). Unambiguous identification of beryls is ensured by obtaining the strong characteristic of Raman features (1070 and 686 cm À1 ) of the whole spectrum. Spectroscopic performance and differences existing between the instruments not only from the construction and ergonomic point of view are discussed. All the instruments tested EzRaman-I Dual (Enwave Optronics), RaPort (EnSpectr), FirstGuard (Rigaku), FirstDefender XL and FirstDefender RM (Thermo Scientific), Inspector Raman (Delta Nu) and Bravo (Bruker) can be used for common gemmological and mineralogical work in situ. Two instruments (the RaPort and the sequentially shifted excitation Raman spectrometer Bravo) allow recording excellent quality Raman spectra comparable with laboratory dispersive Raman microspectrometers.

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“…Substitution in the octahedral site are responsible of different colors that originate various gemological varieties of beryl: the deep green color of emerald is, for example, mainly because of traces of chromium and vanadium replacing aluminum. The six‐membered rings of SiO 4 tetrahedra are stacked along the c ‐axis, forming channels in which alkali cations such as Na, K, and Cs, and also molecules or ions such as OH − , H 2 O, CO 2 , and CH 4 can be incorporated . Over the past 50 years, numerous studies appeared to investigate the nature of molecular H 2 O in beryl .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of emeralds by micro‐Raman spectroscopy

Bersani

Azzi

Lambruschi

et al. 2014

J Raman Spectroscopy

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In recent years, the use of Raman spectroscopy as a gemological tool has largely increased, in particular in the conservation science field where a non-destructive and contactless identification is required. In this work, we show the large amount of information which is possible to obtain with Raman analysis on one of the most important gems, emerald, the green variety of beryl. In particular, 14 not certified faceted emeralds have been studied by means of a standard micro-Raman spectrometer, allowing also the identification of some fakes (garnet, glass, and quartz). All the emerald gems have been fully characterized from the vibrational point of view. In particular, the high frequency spectrum, in the OH region, has been exploited to estimate the amount of alkali ions present in the channels of the crystalline structure. In addition, solid and fluid inclusions have been identified and were useful to hypothesize the provenance of the mineral. The shape and position of the characteristic laser-induced luminescence of chromium ions have helped to better define the origin of the gems

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Genesis and growth of the red beryl from Utah (U.S.A.)

Cited by 10 publications

References 5 publications

Incorporation and substitution of ions and H₂O in the structure of beryl

Incorporation and substitution of ions and H₂O in the structure of beryl

Comparison of seven portable Raman spectrometers: beryl as a case study

Characterization of emeralds by micro‐Raman spectroscopy

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Genesis and growth of the red beryl from Utah (U.S.A.)

Cited by 10 publications

References 5 publications

Incorporation and substitution of ions and H2O in the structure of beryl

Incorporation and substitution of ions and H2O in the structure of beryl

Comparison of seven portable Raman spectrometers: beryl as a case study

Characterization of emeralds by micro‐Raman spectroscopy

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Incorporation and substitution of ions and H₂O in the structure of beryl

Incorporation and substitution of ions and H₂O in the structure of beryl