Generic phylogeny, historical biogeography and character evolution of the cosmopolitan aquatic plant family Hydrocharitaceae

Abstract

BackgroundHydrocharitaceae is a fully aquatic monocot family, consists of 18 genera with approximately 120 species. The family includes both fresh and marine aquatics and exhibits great diversity in form and habit including annual and perennial life histories; submersed, partially submersed and floating leaf habits and linear to orbicular leaf shapes. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution and is well represented in the Tertiary fossil record in Europe. At present, the historical biogeography of the family is not well understood and the generic relationships remain controversial. In this study we investigated the phylogeny and biogeography of Hydrocharitaceae by integrating fossils and DNA sequences from eight genes. We also conducted ancestral state reconstruction for three morphological characters.ResultsPhylogenetic analyses produced a phylogeny with most branches strongly supported by bootstrap values greater than 95 and Bayesian posterior probability values of 1.0. Stratiotes is the first diverging lineage with the remaining genera in two clades, one clade consists of Lagarosiphon, Ottelia, Blyxa, Apalanthe, Elodea and Egeria; and the other consists of Hydrocharis-Limnobium, Thalassia, Enhalus, Halophila, Najas, Hydrilla, Vallisneria, Nechamandra and Maidenia. Biogeographic analyses (DIVA, Mesquite) and divergence time estimates (BEAST) resolved the most recent common ancestor of Hydrocharitaceae as being in Asia during the Late Cretaceous and Palaeocene (54.7-72.6 Ma). Dispersals (including long-distance dispersal and migrations through Tethys seaway and land bridges) probably played major roles in the intercontinental distribution of this family. Ancestral state reconstruction suggested that in Hydrocharitaceae evolution of dioecy is bidirectional, viz., from dioecy to hermaphroditism, and from hermaphroditism to dioecy, and that the aerial-submerged leaf habit and short-linear leaf shape are the ancestral states.ConclusionsOur study has shed light on the previously controversial generic phylogeny of Hydrocharitaceae. The study has resolved the historical biogeography of this family and supported dispersal as the most likely explanation for the intercontinental distribution. We have also provided valuable information for understanding the evolution of breeding system and leaf phenotype in aquatic monocots.

Flora do Rio de Janeiro: Hydrocharitaceae

“…ex Willd.) Heine, neotropical (Cook & Urmi-König 1983;Chen et al 2012). No Brasil ocorre apenas L. laevigatum, distribuída por todas as regiões (BFG 2015).…”

“…Com cerca de 38 espécies, o gênero possui distribuição subcosmopolita (Chen et al 2012;Lowden 1986;Triest 1988). No Brasil ocorrem seis espécies, distribuídas por todas as regiões (BFG 2015).…”

“…Com exceção da Oceania, é amplamente distribuída no globo (Chen et al 2012). No Brasil ocorre no Nordeste e Sudeste (BFG 2015).…”

Highlights in Seagrasses’ Phylogeny, Physiology, and Metabolism: What Makes Them Special?

“…Difficulties on morphological classification occur during species identification due to overlaps of morphological traits among species of Halophila (Figure 1). Current phylogenetic relationships in the order Alismatales based on molecular data compared with morphological were studied by Li and Zhou [13] or more specifically for the Hydrocharitaceae family by Chen et al [14]. In general, morphological data sets of seagrasses contain poor phylogenetic signals and an incongruence between DNA and morphological results is observed [13,14].…”

Flora do Ceará: Hydrocharitaceae e as fanerógamas marinhas: Cymodoceaceae, Ruppiaceae

“…está representada por 18 gêneros e aproximadamente 116 espécies (Stevens 2001), amplamente distribuídas em ambientes de água doce e marinhos tropicais e subtropicais. A origem oriental dos seus representantes foi inferida por Chen et al (2012) ao considerar o sudoeste da Ásia como o centro de diversidade genética da família e ao fato de que, no Cretáceo, a região apresentou condições climáticas de elevada umidade e temperatura associadas à formações de planícies inundadas (Vu Khu 2000;Okada 2001).…”