Generic Molding Platform for Simple, Low‐Cost Fabrication of Polymeric Microneedles

Badnikar, Kedar; Jayadevi, Shreyas N.; Pahal, Suman; Sripada, Sukruth; Nayak, M. M.; Vemula, Praveen Kumar; Subrahmanyam, Dinesh N.

doi:10.1002/mame.202070011

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…As an interdisciplinary topic the generation of macroscale CMPs combine diverse synthetic methodologies. For example, the combination of CMPs with polymer processing technologies and porous polymer chemistries, e.g., 3D printing, [ 209 ] microfluidics, [ 210 ] wet/electro‐spinning, [ 211 ] composite blending, [ 212 ] and molding, [ 213 ] to name just a few, brings exciting opportunities. With more efforts along this line, we can foresee that macroscale CMPs can generate novel products for industrial applications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macroscale Conjugated Microporous Polymers: Controlling Versatile Functionalities Over Several Dimensions

et al. 2022

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covalently bonded organic moieties. Because of their unique properties derived from their tunable porous structures and the multiple functional groups, which can be included in their backbones, POPs have been actively investigated for multiple applications including gas storage/separation, [2,3] catalysis, [4][5][6] optoelectronics, [7,8] sensing, [9][10][11] energy storage, and conversion. [12,13] Aside from their high specific surface areas, they furthermore show excellent chemical stability, light-weight and a versatile chemistry for modification and functionalization. POPs can be further classified into two categories based on their crystallinity. Crystalline POPs are usually summarized under the name covalent organic frameworks [14][15][16] (COFs). Amorphous POPs are further divided, based on their structure or construction principles into hyper-crosslinked polymers [17,18] (HCPs), polymers of intrinsic microporosity [19,20] (PIMs), porous aromatic frameworks [21,22] (PAFs), and others. Recent research has seen increasing interest on amorphous POPs, especially when their skeleton is π-conjugated. In these highly porous networks, π-conjugation is superimposed with meso-/microporosities, i.e., electron transport in the polymer backbone is accompanied by mass transport in the porous system, which enable many intriguing properties and applications, e.g., in energy storage and conversion, [23,24] or optoelectronics. [25,26] As such, the importance of π-conjugation in porous polymer networks has defined another emerging functional POP class-the conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs). As mentioned, such CMPs [27] are a unique class of POPs exhibiting extended π-conjugated structures and permanent nanopores (Table S1). Earlier, McKeown et al. [28] discussed an important concept of preparing robust nanoporous materials by the covalent binding of planar molecules via a rigid spirocyclic linker. In 2007, Cooper et al. [29] reported a highly cross-linked, microporous poly(arylene ethynylene)s network, thus the first microporous polymer network with distinct π-conjugation and introduced the term "conjugated microporous polymer (CMP)" for this class of materials. Since their discovery, CMPs chemistry has intrigued scientists across the globe and been promoted rapidly, resulting in a strong growth in publications over the last decade. For instance, Thomas et al. [30] reported a spirobifluorene-type CMP with stable interface and application potential in organic light emitting diodes Since discovered in 2007, conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) have been developed for numerous applications including gas adsorption, sensing, organic and photoredox catalysis, energy storage, etc. While featuring abundant micropores, the structural rigidity derived from CMPs' stable π-conjugated skeleton leads to insolubility and thus poor processability, which severely limits their applicability, e.g., in CMP-based devices. Hence, the development of CMPs whose structure can not only be controlled on the micro-but also on the macroscale have...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macroscale Conjugated Microporous Polymers: Controlling Versatile Functionalities Over Several Dimensions

et al. 2022

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“…Flash modulus and polymer MN fractures are important for mechanical resistance, as the insertion capability of the polymer-based MN is reflected here [ 27 ]. Researches can also combine the mechanical power of two or more polymers and additional materials [ 45 ]. Furthermore, during polymer selection, the target tissue for the MN must be called transdermal or non-transdermal [ 46 , 47 ].…”

Section: Materials Choice and Drug Release Kinetics Of Polymeric Microneedlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several systemic approaches to these issues, especially with sterile MN production and stability, have been published in the literature. Sterilization is based on gamma-ray irradiation, as required by the European Pharmacopoeia [ 45 ]. Depending upon the form of the polymeric matrix, this process may affect polymeric MNs differently [ 357 ].…”

Section: Regulatory Issues With Polymeric Microneedlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For their therapeutic transition, the limited drug loading potential of MNs is a limiting factor since their scale and volume are small [ 355 ]. Researchers have employed centrifugation, refilling, and evaporation of micro cardiogram enrichment with medicinal substances and drug-laden nanoparticles [ 45 ]. Another path toward improving the capacity of drug loading may be to develop larger MN patches or produce novel polymers with higher solubility or loading capacities for drug molecules [ 357 ].…”

Section: Current Trends and Future Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

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Translation of Polymeric Microneedles for Treatment of Human Diseases: Recent Trends, Progress, and Challenges

Yadav

Munni²,

Campbell

et al. 2021

Pharmaceutics

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The ongoing search for biodegradable and biocompatible microneedles (MNs) that are strong enough to penetrate skin barriers, easy to prepare, and can be translated for clinical use continues. As such, this review paper is focused upon discussing the key points (e.g., choice polymeric MNs) for the translation of MNs from laboratory to clinical practice. The review reveals that polymers are most appropriately used for dissolvable and swellable MNs due to their wide range of tunable properties and that natural polymers are an ideal material choice as they structurally mimic native cellular environments. It has also been concluded that natural and synthetic polymer combinations are useful as polymers usually lack mechanical strength, stability, or other desired properties for the fabrication and insertion of MNs. This review evaluates fabrication methods and materials choice, disease and health conditions, clinical challenges, and the future of MNs in public healthcare services, focusing on literature from the last decade.

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“…Compared to other fabrication methods such as micromolding [ 7 ] or soft lithography, [ 8 ] objects manufactured via FDM are produced in their final shape without any external template, additional tools, or further postprocessing. Since FDM does not require any mastermold, it allows the fabrication of complex, tailorable lattices with high reproducibility, such as highly hollow or gyroidal structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of a Bio‐Based Device for Micro Total Analysis Combining Fused Deposition Modeling and Layer‐by‐Layer Technologies

León

Frutos

Molina

2020

Macro Materials & Eng

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Compared to other fabrication methods such as micromolding [7] or soft lithography, [8] objects manufactured via FDM are produced in their final shape without any external template, additional tools, or further postprocessing. Since FDM does not require any mastermold, it allows the fabrication of complex, tailorable lattices with high reproducibility, such as highly hollow or gyroidal structures. [9] FDM feedstock is commodity plastics, avoiding the use of hazard or expensive compounds. Moreover, FDM printers are more economic and relatively easy to use than most of other (micro)fabrication equipment. The printed objects are previously designed using a software and all the information needed for fabrication is contained within a computer assisted design file. These designs can be easily modified to meet the quick changing needs of the market, allowing high flexibility in the product and reducing the product development process. [10] Since 3D printing technologies emerged, polylactic acid (PLA) has become one of the most widely used materials in the FDM technology due to its cost, biodegradability, and good mechanical properties. [11] PLA can be manufactured from natural sources as sugarcane or corn starch and possesses mechanical properties comparable to fossil-fuel derived polystyrene. [12] Among its limitations, it presents a low maximum service temperature (≈60 °C), which narrows its use in engineering applications. [13] However, it can be used as structural matrix when working at room or human body temperature. Bio-based polymers, including PLA, have been printed to fabricate tablets, [14] scaffolds, [15] or even organs individually adapted for each patient. [16] In addition, since additive manufacturing techniques emerged, there is a growing number of initiatives to fabricate different equipment and laboratory supplies in house, [17] which would allow reducing the production chain, saving time and money. Another important factor to consider in the design of micro total analysis systems is the surface modification of the material so it can selectively adsorb the target biomolecule. Among other alternatives, the LbL technology is an interesting option which allows the modification of large surfaces in an inexpensive manner. [18-20] This technology is known since 1997 [21] and consists in the fabrication of thin films via electrostatic or supramolecular interactions of different polymers, which allows In this paper a methodology is presented to fabricate a micropatterned device made of bio-based polymers (polylactic acid, sodium alginate (ALG), and chitosan (CHI)) suitable for micro total analysis. Fused deposition modeling and layer-by-layer technologies are combined to create tailorable devices with submillimetric controlled well size that can be rapidly prepared in house. As proof of concept, the influence of immobilization of ALG/CHI bilayers in the selective adsorption of alkaline phosphatase and its activity is studied. Due to the noncovalent nature of these interactions, it is proven that these devices ...

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Generic Molding Platform for Simple, Low‐Cost Fabrication of Polymeric Microneedles

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Macroscale Conjugated Microporous Polymers: Controlling Versatile Functionalities Over Several Dimensions

Macroscale Conjugated Microporous Polymers: Controlling Versatile Functionalities Over Several Dimensions

Translation of Polymeric Microneedles for Treatment of Human Diseases: Recent Trends, Progress, and Challenges

Design of a Bio‐Based Device for Micro Total Analysis Combining Fused Deposition Modeling and Layer‐by‐Layer Technologies

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