“…In order to investigate the interaction of the ventricular blood flow with MV, two different mathematical modeling can be carried out. The first approach consists in using lumped parameter models to simulate valve dynamics, representing the fluid dynamics effect of the valve through the relationship between its pressure drop and flowrate [85, 48, 12, 66]; moreover, more sophisticated diode type models can be used, in which a time-dependent permeability is associated to the MV plane, in order to model the opening/closure of the valve without considering the leaflets [76, 77, 90, 21, 87]. The second approach consists in the 3D (or at least 2D) representation of the valve geometry, obtained either by parametric modeling [52, 22] or by segmentation of patient-specific real-time imaging data [95, 58, 96], whose presence can be considered through mesh conforming techniques (such as the Resistive Immersed Surface method [5, 78]) or fully Eulerian methods (such as the Immersed Boundary Method [69, 55, 34, 26, 27, 28] or the Fictitious Domain method [35, 56]).…”