A new low energy (in the range between 5 and 250 meV) physics focusing in the mesoscale (extending in the range between 1 nm and 100 μm) world is emerging. The intricate mesoscale world driven by quantum critical charge, orbital, and lattice fluctuations is now becoming the main topic of the Superstripes conference series.This field started in 1992 driven by the interest to understand the nanoscale phase separation of both "electronic matter" and "lattice matter" in cuprate perovskites [1], followed in 1996 by the series of Stripes conferences [2] and in 2008 by the present series of Superstripes conferences [3]. While the majority of the scientific community working in high temperature physics was accepting for 25 years the dogma of a uniform CuO 2 plane and a single electronic component, the small scientific community of the Stripes conferences proposed that an intrinsic nontrivial inhomogeneity, with different electronic components and anomalous local lattice fluctuations, was a key feature for the emergence of high temperature superconductivity [3][4][5][6]. The complex scenario object of discussions was characterized by a nanoscale phase separation with the competition of different phases in nanoscale domains: (i) short-range spin density wave SDW puddles,; ii) short-range incommensurate charge density wave CDW puddles, and (iii)A. Bianconi ( ) Rome International Center for Materials Science Superstripes, RICMASS, Via dei Sabelli 119/A, 00185, Rome, Italy e-mail: antonio.bianconi@ricmass.eu superconducting domains. This new scenario, called "superstripes" [7,8] is similar to emulsions in soft matter, where multiple phases at small length scales coexist. The superstripes scenario is today well supported by new experimental methods. The nanoscale phase separation takes place in the mesoscopic world intermediate between the atomic scale (for d less than 1 nm) and the macroscopic world (for d larger than 100 μm). All experiments show that the essential interactions are in the low energy range which is the same range as that of many body interactions determining the emergence of life in the cell.In materials science, the new low energy physics is determining advances in new nanotechnologies controlling the structure and textures in the mesoscopic scale.Several research groups have reported at Superstripes 2014 advances on charge density wave physics [9][10][11]. A new type of light, synchrotron radiation (SR), to investigate the mesoscale matter organization, became available worldwide only in this last 20 years. The invention of the synchrotron radiation source, the storage ring, was made in the 1960s, in Frascati by Bruno Touschek, and the first large synchrotron radiation facilities were developed at Stanford and Frascati in the 1970s. But it was only in these last 20 years that synchrotron radiation was available worldwide and it has allowed to image and control magnetic, lattice, and charge complexity in the mesoscale. The new methodologies probe multiscale spatial and temporal complexity in the low energy ...
