Generative Artificial Intelligence Model for Simulating Brain Structural Changes in Schizophrenia

Abstract

BackgroundRecent advancements in generative artificial intelligence (AI) for image generation have presented significant opportunities for medical imaging, offering a promising avenue for generating realistic virtual medical images while ensuring patient privacy. The generation of a large number of virtual medical images through AI has the potential to augment training datasets for discriminative AI models, particularly in fields with limited data availability, such as neuroimaging. Current studies on generative AI in neuroimaging have mainly focused on disease discrimination; however, its potential for simulating complex phenomena in psychiatric disorders remains unknown. In this study, as examples of a simulation, we aimed to present a novel generative AI model that transforms magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images of healthy individuals into images that resemble those of patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and explore its application.MethodsWe used anonymized public datasets from the Center for Biomedical Research Excellence (SZ, 71 patients; healthy subjects [HSs], 71 patients) and the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (autism spectrum disorder [ASD], 79 subjects; HSs, 105 subjects). We developed a model to transform MRI images of HSs into MRI images of SZ using cycle generative adversarial networks. The efficacy of the transformation was evaluated using voxel-based morphometry to assess the differences in brain region volume and the accuracy of age prediction pre- and post-transformation. In addition, the model was examined for its applicability in simulating disease comorbidities and disease progression.ResultsThe model successfully transformed HS images into SZ images and identified brain volume changes consistent with existing case-control studies. We also applied this model to ASD MRI images, where simulations comparing SZ with and without ASD backgrounds highlighted the differences in brain structures due to comorbidities. Furthermore, simulation of disease progression while preserving individual characteristics showcased the model’s ability to reflect realistic disease trajectories.DiscussionThe findings suggest that our generative AI model can capture subtle changes in brain structures associated with SZ and offers a novel tool for visualizing brain alterations across various conditions. The potential of this model extends beyond clinical diagnoses to advancements in the simulation of disease mechanisms, which may ultimately contribute to the refinement of therapeutic strategies.