“…The defect detection algorithm performance (i) with and without synthetic data; (ii) with synthetic data generated from different methods, are usually compared. In defect detection applications, the indirect quantitative evaluation metrics can be further categorized into three different levels of accuracy, including instance level (detect/classify the defective samples [2,4,19,22,24,25,27,28,31]), localization level (detect the defect location inside each sample [17,21]), and pixel-wise level (extract the defect segmentation mask [29]). For example, Xiong et al…”