Generation process of growth stresses in cell walls: Relation between longitudinal released strain and chemical composition

Sugiyama, Kohzo; Okuyama, Takashi; Yamamoto, Hiroyuki; Yoshida, Masato

doi:10.1007/bf00195301

Cited by 34 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In Liriodendron tulipifera, the cellulose content increases and the MFA parallels the fiber axis in the tension wood region in the upper side of an inclined stem [10,13]. These changes generate a larger tensile growth stress [14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In tension wood, the tensile growth stress increases with the number of gelatinous fibers, increasing cellulose content, and decreasing microfibrillar angle [8,10]. In dicotyledonous trees that lack definite gelatinous fibers, the tensile growth stress increases with cellulose content and decreasing microfibrillar angle and lignin content [8,10]. In trees where the reaction wood is not characterized anatomically, growth stress is used to determine the intensity of the reaction wood [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tension wood and growth stress induced by artificial inclination in textitLiriodendron tulipifera Linn. and Prunus spachiana Kitamura f. ascendens Kitamura

2000

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-The relationship between the amount of growth stress and the degree of artificial inclination was investigated in saplings of two angiosperm species. The tensile growth stresses generated in Prunus spachiana, which forms gelatinous fibers, were larger than those in Liriodendron tulipifera, which does not form gelatinous fibers. In both species, the tensile growth stresses generated in the upper side of inclined stems increased and the cellulose microfibrillar angle decreased proportionally as the inclination changed from 0°(vertical) to 20°. At inclinations over 20°, the tensile growth stress and cellulose microfibrillar angle did not change further. The thickness of the current growth layer increased linearly with the angle of inclination, but eccentric growth was not the main factor contributing to the upward bending moment to return the axis to the normal vertical position. This paper reveals that the growth stress generated by inclination is limited. That is, growth stress increases with the inclination angle to a point, but then does not increase further.artificial inclination / tensile growth stress / tension wood / Prunus spachiana Kitamura f. ascendens Kitamura / Liriodendron tulipifera Linn. Résumé -Bois de tension et contrainte de croissance induits par inclinaison artificielle chez Liriodendron tulipifera Linn. et Prunus spachiana Kitamura f. ascendens Kitamura. La relation entre la contrainte de croissance et le niveau d'inclinaison artificielle a été étudiée sur des pousses de deux espèces angiospermes. La contrainte de croissance de traction générée par Prunus spachiana, qui produit des fibres gélatineuses, est plus forte que celle de Liriodendron tulipifera, qui n'en produit pas. Dans les deux espèces, une augmentation de l'inclinaison de 0 à 20°par rapport à la verticale, produit proportionnellement une augmentation de la contrainte de traction générée sur la face supérieure de la tige inclinée et une décroissance de l'angle des microfibrilles cellulosiques. Des inclinaisons supérieures à 20°ne produisent pas de variation supplémentaire, ni de la contrainte ni de l'angle des microfibrilles. La largeur du cerne en cours de formation augmente linéairement avec l'angle d'inclinaison, toutefois l'excentricité de la croissance n'est pas un facteur contribuant de manière dominante au moment de flexion induisant le retour à la position verticale normale. Cet article révèle le caractère borné de la contrainte de croissance, qui peut augmenter jusqu'à un certain point mais ensuite ne dépasse pas cette limite.inclinaison artificielle / contrainte de croissance / bois de tension / Prunus spachiana Kitamura f. ascendens Kitamura / Liriodendron tulipifera Linn.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tension wood and growth stress induced by artificial inclination in textitLiriodendron tulipifera Linn. and Prunus spachiana Kitamura f. ascendens Kitamura

2000

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“…In compression wood, both lignin content and microfibril angle (MFA) in the middle layer of the secondary wall (S2) are larger than in normal wood [24,[39][40][41]. In contrast to the tensile L stress generated in normal wood, a compressive L stress, expressed by an expansive L strain, is observed in compression wood; it becomes larger with the increase of MFA.…”

Section: Compression Woodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tree growth stress and related problems

et al. 2017

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Tree growth stress, resulted from the combined effects of dead weight increase and cell wall maturation in the growing trees, fulfills biomechanical functions by enhancing the strength of growing stems and by controlling their growth orientation. Its value after new wood formation, named maturation stress, can be determined by measuring the instantaneously released strain at stem periphery. Exceptional levels of longitudinal stress are reached in reaction wood, in the form of compression in gymnosperms or higher-than-usual tension in angiosperms, inspiring theories to explain the generation process of the maturation stress at the level of wood fiber: the synergistic action of compressive stress generated in the amorphous ligninhemicellulose matrix and tensile stress due to the shortening of the crystalline cellulosic framework is a possible driving force. Besides the elastic component, growth stress bears viscoelastic components that are locked in the matured cell wall. Delayed recovery of locked-in components is triggered by increasing temperature under high moisture content: the rheological analysis of this hygrothermal recovery offers the possibility to gain information on the mechanical conditions during wood formation. After tree felling, the presence of residual stress often causes processing defects during logging and lumbering, thus reducing the final yield of harvested resources. In the near future, we expect to develop plantation forests and utilize more wood as industrial resources; in that case, we need to respond to their large growth stress. Thermal treatment is one of the possible countermeasures: green wood heating involves the hygrothermal recovery of viscoelastic locked-in growth strains and tends to counteract the effect of subsequent drying. Methods such as smoke drying of logs are proposed to increase the processing yield at a reasonable cost.

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“…A relationship between growth stress and microfibril angle of secondary wall in wood fibers has been reported in reaction wood in angiosperms: the microfibril angle was smaller in the S2 layers of reaction wood fibers compared to that of opposite wood fibers ( [15,[40][41][42]50]. Okuyama et al [15] suggested that microfibril angle is an important factor in the generation of growth stress in tension wood.…”

Section: Microfibril Angle In Tension Wood Fibermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2B, 3B) [33][34][35][36][37][38]. In some species having no G-layer in reaction wood, it has been reported that microfibril angle of S2 layer decreased [15,[39][40][41][42] reported that the microfibril angle of S2 layer was very small (5 to 10 degrees) in reaction wood of Magnolia acuminate and Liriodendron tulipifera. In Magnolia obovata and M. kobus, the innermost surface of S2 layer of fiber tracheid wall also showed a small microfibril angle [41].…”

Section: Microfibril Angle In Tension Wood Fibermentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Microfibril Angle in Fiber of Tension Wood

Sultana¹

2014

EJB

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Abstract:The angle between helical windings of microfibrils in the secondary cell wall of fibers and the long axis is called microfibril angle (MFA). Stiffness of wood depends on variations in the MFA. The large MFA shows low stiffness, which is found in juvenile wood and this character make threes vulnerable to high winds breaking. Timber containing a high proportion of juvenile wood is unsuitable for use as high-grade structural timber. On the other hand, the small MFA in wood shows high stiffness, which has importance in a good view of the trend in forestry. The timber with high stiffness is commonly high economic value. They are grown mainly for construction, timber and furniture. Until date, it is under pressure for increased timber production means that ways will be sought to improve the quality of timber by reducing MFA. Commonly, MFA decrease during the formation of tension wood therefore study on tension wood related to MFA formation is important for MFA reduction in normal wood. The study on tension wood formation could predict expression patterns of genes/proteins for reduction of MFA. Herein, the orientation of microfibril and MFA in cell wall layers of normal and tension wood fiber are discussed.

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Generation process of growth stresses in cell walls: Relation between longitudinal released strain and chemical composition

Cited by 34 publications

References 4 publications

Tension wood and growth stress induced by artificial inclination in textitLiriodendron tulipifera Linn. and Prunus spachiana Kitamura f. ascendens Kitamura

Tension wood and growth stress induced by artificial inclination in textitLiriodendron tulipifera Linn. and Prunus spachiana Kitamura f. ascendens Kitamura

Tree growth stress and related problems

An Overview of Microfibril Angle in Fiber of Tension Wood

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