Generation of solid base catalyst from waste slag for the efficient synthesis of diethyl carbonate from ethyl carbamate and ethanol

Ultrasound irradiation as an effective tool in synthesis of the slag-based catalysts for carboxymethylation

“…It was suggested in the literature that the concentration of the active sites has a trend similar to changes in the surface area values [51] . However, as reported earlier [9] , [10] and confirmed in the current work the synthesized slag catalysts do not follow this trend, which can be explained by complexity of the elemental composition and diverse influence of the synthesis parameters.…”

Incorporation of CO2 into carbonates through carboxylation/hydration reaction

“…The catalyst calcined at 723 K was proposed to possess appropriate strong basicity and was favorable for high catalytic performance. 128 The lanthanum oxide catalyst prepared by the precipitation method exhibited the highest catalytic activity among various metal oxide catalysts, such as MgO, Al 2 O 3 and ZnO. The characterization results indicated that the basic sites were responsible for the catalytic activity and the medium strength of the basic sites was thought to further enhance the catalytic activity.…”

“…In another study, the solid base derived from abundant waste slag was used for the reaction of ethyl carbamate and ethanol. The catalyst calcined at 723 K was proposed to possess appropriate strong basicity and was favorable for high catalytic performance . The lanthanum oxide catalyst prepared by the precipitation method exhibited the highest catalytic activity among various metal oxide catalysts, such as MgO, Al 2 O 3 and ZnO.…”

Characterization and Application of Molten Slag as Catalyst in Pyrolysis of Waste Cooking Oil

“…Therefore, metal oxide content in this molten slag is being effective on the degrees of cracking process. Wang et al [8] considered that Fe2O3 could play a significant role in promoting the cracking of hydrocarbons. In this study, it can be proven by higher conversion of WCO to liquid and gas products while using modified molten slag as mentioned in Figure 6.…”

“…Conversion achieved by using this molten slag after was 80% [7]. Wang et al prepared a catalyst from waste slag by dissolution with HCl and coprecipitation with NaOH and tested in diethyl carbonate synthesis via ethanolysis of ethyl carbamate and the yield of diethyl carbonate was 33% [8]. Kar & Gurbuz used blast furnace slag as received in pyrolysis frying sunflower oil.…”