Generation of Proxy GIM‐TEC for Extreme Storms Before the Era of GNSS Observations

Abstract

Total Electron Content (TEC) in the Earth's ionosphere and plasmasphere is a reliable indicator of the impact of long-term and short-term changes on the Sun, the interplanetary space and the Earth's upper atmosphere. Therefore, the development of TEC models are of great importance in today's space weather science and applications. Currently, climate models of the ionosphere and methods for forecasting the ionospheric disturbances are being successfully developed based on the analysis of TEC and Global Ionosphere Maps (GIM-TEC) from GNSS observations during 23-24 solar cycles (SC). Relevant examples and references are presented in the works (