“…This results in overlapping transitions that complicate spectral simulations. Consequently, analysis of X-band EPR data collected for Mn IV centers is often limited to indicate whether | D | ≈ 0.3 cm –1 or | D | ≫ 0.3 cm –1 , based on the relative intensities of the resonances at g eff = 4 and g eff = 2. ,− When | D | ≫ 0.3 cm –1 , the rhombicity can be estimated from the g -value of the low-field transition, where this transition is observed at g eff = 4.1 and 5.5 at the axial ( E / D = 0) and rhombic ( E / D = 1/3) limits, respectively. ,, A more rigorous analysis of the spin Hamiltonian parameters requires extensive computer simulation of variable-temperature X-band EPR spectra and/or the use of larger microwave frequencies. − ,,, At much larger microwave frequencies (95–700 GHz) and magnetic fields, where | D | ≪ h ν, D and E can be accurately determined directly from the positions of the EPR resonances of Mn IV centers. , Alternatively, variable-temperature, variable-field magnetic circular dichroism (VTVH MCD) spectroscopy can be analyzed to determine ground-state zero-field splitting parameters for Mn IV centers. , However, this analysis has the complication that the VTVH MCD data are dependent on both ground-state spin Hamiltonian parameters ( g -values and ZFS parameters) and the transition moment products ( M xy , M xz , and M yz ) of the electronic transition under interrogation. , …”