Generation of liquid metal double emulsion droplets using gravity-induced microfluidics

Fan, Qiyue; Guo, Yaohao; Zhao, Teng; Bao, Bo

doi:10.1039/d2ra04120k

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…One of the very important parameters with a drastic impact on the efficiency of drug delivery is the angle of the patient’s head, i.e., the angle of drug delivery. Gravity is the most influential factor in the number of particles delivered at different angles. , According to Scheme , when the bed is completely flat under the patient’s head (i.e., the angle of the patient’s head is equal to zero), the force of gravity is in the − y direction with no component in the x direction. The gravity will have a component along the x -axis by enhancing the angle of the bed, which is depicted in Scheme .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug Delivery Angle for Various Atherosclerosis and Aneurysm Percentages of the Carotid Artery

Amani,

Farajollahi

2024

Mol. Pharmaceutics

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Stroke is the second cause of mortality among adult males and the first cause of death in adult females all around the world. It is also recognized as one of the most important causes of morbidity and dementia in adults. Stenosis or rupture of the only channels of the blood supply from the heart to the brain (carotid arteries) is among the main causes of stroke. In this regard, treatment of the lesions of carotid arteries, including atherosclerosis and aneurysm, could be a huge step in preventing stroke and improving brain performance. Targeted drug delivery by drug-carrying nanoparticles is the latest method for optimal delivery of drug to the damaged parts of the artery. In this study, a wide range of carotid artery lesions, including different percentages of atherosclerosis and aneurysm, were considered. After analyzing the dynamics of the fluid flow in different damaged regions and selecting the magnetic framework with proper ligand (Fe 3 O 4 @MOF) as the drug carrier, the size of the particles and their number per cycle were analyzed. Based on the results, the particle size of 100 nm and the use of 300 particles per injection at each cardiac cycle can result in maximum drug delivery to the target site. Then, the effect of the hospital bed angle on drug delivery was investigated. The results showed a unique optimal drug delivery angle for each extent of atherosclerosis or aneurysm. For example, in a 50% aneurysm, drug delivery at an angle of 30°is about 387% higher than that at an angle of 15°. Finally, simulation of real geometry indicated the effectiveness of simple geometry instead of real geometry for the simulation of carotid arteries, which can remarkably decrease the computational time and costs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug Delivery Angle for Various Atherosclerosis and Aneurysm Percentages of the Carotid Artery

Amani,

Farajollahi

2024

Mol. Pharmaceutics

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“…[13] Eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn), which consists of 85.8 wt% Ga and 14.2 wt% indium (In), and Galinstan, which consists of 78.3 wt% Ga, 14.9 wt% In, and 6.8 wt% tin (Sn) are two representative classes of liquid metals that are widely studied. [13,39,52,53] Because Ga has a low ionization energy, it easily gives off electrons and oxidizes into its most stable oxidation state, Ga 3+ . [12] This oxidation state of Ga reacts with oxygen in the ambient air to produce a gallium oxide (Ga 2 O 3 ) layer, whose thickness ranges from 1 nm to 5 nm.…”

Section: Reactivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

From Droplets to Devices: Recent Advances in Liquid Metal Droplet Enabled Electronics

Babatain,

Kim,

Hussain

2023

Adv Funct Materials

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Liquid metals, particularly non‐toxic gallium‐based alloys, have emerged as promising materials for future soft electronics due to their unique properties, including fluidity, excellent electrical and thermal conductivities, and surface reactivity. They demonstrate adaptability, responsivity, and self‐healing abilities, offering a platform for innovative electronic devices. Embodied in a droplet form factor, gallium‐based liquid metal droplets (LMDs) combine the traits of liquid metals with the advantages of miniaturized structures, including high surface tension, high surface area, high mobility, and surface functionalization. This review discusses the inherent properties of LMDs, which have driven substantial research interest across various fields, such as sensors, robotics, electronic circuits, energy harvesters, drug delivery, and microfluidics systems, among others. Effective fabrication and processing techniques are detailed for LMDs, illustrating their role in applications previously challenging with conventional materials, such as reconfigurable, self‐healing, and transient electronics. Existing challenges and future directions in this growing field are discussed. This extensive review seeks to further the understanding of LMDs and their potential, offering a roadmap for their journey from a niche interest to a key material in various electronic devices.

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“…To avoid or remove surface oxides, researchers have explored different methods, such as treating liquid metals with the hydrochloric acid solution, [193] developing a self-sinterable, gallium-based liquid metal ink containing hydrochloric acid to remove the oxide layer formed at the liquid metal interface, [208] peeling off spontaneously formed surface oxides using an elastomeric stamp, [111] or exploiting the genera-tion of liquid metal double-emulsion droplets to prevent surface oxidation. [209] Thermal Property: Galinstan exhibits excellent thermal conductivity. In comparison with that of mercury, its thermal conductivity is approximately three times higher, measuring at 16.5 W m −1 K −1 , which is ≈650 times higher than that of air and is ≈27 times higher than that of water.…”

Section: Galinstanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To avoid or remove surface oxides, researchers have explored different methods, such as treating liquid metals with the hydrochloric acid solution, [ 193 ] developing a self‐sinterable, gallium‐based liquid metal ink containing hydrochloric acid to remove the oxide layer formed at the liquid metal interface, [ 208 ] peeling off spontaneously formed surface oxides using an elastomeric stamp, [ 111 ] or exploiting the generation of liquid metal double‐emulsion droplets to prevent surface oxidation. [ 209 ]…”

Section: Types and Characteristics Of Low‐melting‐point Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status and Outlook of Low‐Melting‐Point Metals in Biomedical Applications

Mao,

Kim,

Seo

2023

Adv Funct Materials

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In recent years, low‐melting‐point metals including liquid metals, exhibiting outstanding physical and chemical properties such as excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, high surface tension, and biocompatibility, have garnered increasing attention from researchers. The melting point of such metals profoundly influences their properties and determines their range of applications, and comprehending the characteristics and properties of low‐melting‐point metals is crucial for their future applications. Although studies related to liquid metals are growing exponentially in particular, reports exploring the properties and applications of low‐melting‐point metals from the perspective of the melting point are still in their early stages. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the key properties and relevant applications of current low‐melting‐point metals described in recent studies, focusing on gallium‐ and bismuth‐based metal alloys. In addition, this review discusses the opportunities and challenges associated with low‐melting‐point metals, and it is anticipated that this review will contribute to the advancement of low‐melting‐point materials in the fields of flexible electronics and biomedicine, particularly for biomedical applications.

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Generation of liquid metal double emulsion droplets using gravity-induced microfluidics

Abstract: An innovative method – a gravity-induced microfluidic device – to generate liquid metal double emulsion droplets to prevent the formation of an oxide layer on the liquid metal is introduced.

Cited by 6 publications

References 94 publications

Drug Delivery Angle for Various Atherosclerosis and Aneurysm Percentages of the Carotid Artery

Drug Delivery Angle for Various Atherosclerosis and Aneurysm Percentages of the Carotid Artery

From Droplets to Devices: Recent Advances in Liquid Metal Droplet Enabled Electronics

Current Status and Outlook of Low‐Melting‐Point Metals in Biomedical Applications

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