Generation of HBsAg‐reactive T‐ and B‐cells following HBV vaccination in serological non‐responders under hemodialysis treatment

Abstract

HBV vaccination is recommend for hemodialysis patients, but only 50–60% of the patients show seroconversion. HBV vaccine‐induced generation of HBV reactive T and B cells could be detected regardless of their capacity to mount a serological response, indicating that patients without seroconversion are potentially protected by their HBV‐reactive T cell pool.

PMMA dialyzers modulate both humoral and cell-mediate immune response to anti-COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2) in a cohort of chronic hemodialyzed patients

“…Our study suggests that PMMA could enhance this serological response such as it has been observed in HD patients after HBV vaccination according to its ability to modulate sCD40 serological levels 26 , 27 . At the same time, recent evidences of failed serological immunity in HD patients not responding to HBV vaccination suggest that seroconversion may not be directly related to immunocompetence in patients with inflammaging: comparable functional HBsAg-reactive B and T cells responses has been proved in HD patients after HBV vaccination 28 not only in the absence of a proper IgG serological response but even in the condition of reduced HBs-reactive Th2 cells 29 . These add a new piece to the proper evaluation of a proper immune response after mRNA-based vaccination protocols and the need to support immune response with additional doses only considering serological titers 30 .…”

Assessing T-Cell Immunity in Kidney Transplant Recipients with Absent Antibody Production after a 3rd Dose of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine

“…This result is consistent with the data available in the literature, ranging from 40% to 70% [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. KTRs are generally considered low responders to vaccines due to immunosuppressive therapy [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ] and for this reason, the Italian National Institute of Health suggested specific COVID-19 surveillance for them, including both humoral and cellular immune response assessments [ 50 ].…”

Detection of SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific memory B cells to delineate long‐term COVID‐19 immunity

“…Blocking of specific staining by excess unlabelled S protein demonstrates specificity of labeling. 5,6 Unlabelled S-protein in class-switched B MEMORY -cells could significantly block binding in COVID-19 patients, but not in healthy donor samples, indicating only minimal cross-reactivity in healthy donors (Figures 1B, 2D). Accordingly, the frequency of S-protein-specific B MEMORY -cells was significantly higher in the COVID-19-cohort compared to healthy individuals (Figure 2D).…”

“…1,2 The use of antibiotics early in life may disrupt the normal maturation process leading to adverse health outcomes such as atopic disorders. 1,[3][4][5] The effects of antibiotic exposure immediately…”