Generation of equivalent circuits by FTFN Relocation

Rearrangement of mirror elements

“…As shown in Table 2(a), two nullators are connected between three nodes. The three connection circuits in Table 2(a) are equivalent [5][6][7]. Similarly, the equivalences exist for the three connection circuits in Table 2(b).…”

“…combination of a nullator and a norator, is widely used to represent active elements [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The symbols and definitions of nullor and mirror pathological elements are shown in Table 1.…”

“…By using the nullor equivalences and the rearrangements of nullators and norators, many equivalent idealized circuits can be generated. From the derived circuits, the useful and best practical ones can thereafter be selected [5][6][7]. Furthermore, the nullor is used for the realization of inverse transfer functions [8] and low-sensitivity filters [9].…”

Symbolic analysis of analog circuits containing voltage mirrors and current mirrors

“…3. Indeed, by applying the adjoint network theorem to transform a voltage-mode circuit to a current-mode one [5,8,10,15,28,29,41], this topology is really the adjoint of the VM shown in Fig. 2.…”

“…An important thing is that an analog circuit containing VMs and CMs also allows to transform circuit topologies or voltage-mode to currentmode circuits and vice-versa [5,8,10,15,28,29,41]. However, both the VM and CM can not be used in symbolic NA because their inverting characteristics imposse addition/subtraction limitations in the formulation process, i.e.…”