Generation of Enterococci Bacteria in a Coastal Saltwater Marsh and Its Impact on Surf Zone Water Quality

Grant, Stanley B.; Sanders, Brett F.; Boehm, Alexandria B.; Redman, Jeremy A.; Kim, J H; Mrse, R D; Chu, Angus; Gouldin, M; McGee, Charles D.; Gardiner, N A; Jones, Burton H.; Svejkovsky, Jan; Leipzig, G V; Alexis, Brown

doi:10.1021/es0018163

Cited by 166 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Previous studies documented average summer-time ebb flow rates from the Talbert Marsh of 8.37 m 3 s À1 (Grant et al, 2001) and Santa Ana River of 11.57 m 3 s À1 (Grant et al, 2002). Because these discharge a small amount of freshwater, and function as tidal wetlands, the discharge values are not expected to change dramatically year to year.…”

Section: Model Of Tidally Driven and Wave-driven Dischargementioning

confidence: 99%

Composition and flux of groundwater from a California beach aquifer: Implications for nutrient supply to the surf zone

Boehm

Paytan

Shellenbarger³

et al. 2006

Continental Shelf Research

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The coastal, unconfined aquifer at Huntington Beach, California contains saline groundwater (33 psu) adjacent to the water line, and a brackish groundwater (BGW) mixing zone (3-9 psu) approximately 50 m from the water line. According to salinity and water isotope analyses, the BGW composition varies spatially in the alongshore direction. Measurements obtained from two BGW wells indicate this water is a mixture of seawater and a freshwater end member (likely infiltrated runoff); results from a third more southerly well suggest the BGW is composed of seawater, freshwater, and water from the confined Talbert Aquifer. Saline groundwater, on the other hand, shares similar salinity and water isotopic composition with seawater. The saline groundwater is enriched with short-and long-lived radium isotopes relative to the surf zone, which in turn is enriched relative to waters further offshore. We derive eddy diffusion coefficients for the nearshore using 223 Ra and 224 Ra, and in conjunction with 226 Ra activities, estimate a submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) rate between 4.2 and 8.9 L min À1 m À1 of shoreline, respectively. Using analytical models, we estimate that between 74 and 100% of this discharge represents seawater than has been forced by tides and waves through the beach aquifer. Under one set of model assumptions, results indicate that a portion (up to 56%) of seawater pumped into the beach aquifer by waves and tides is not discharged suggesting salt water intrusion may be occurring. Because saline groundwater is enriched with dissolved inorganic nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphate relative to the coastal ocean, our results suggest that tidally and wave-driven seawater circulated through the beach aquifer represents an important mechanism for nutrient input to the nearshore environment in dry weather. Estimates of nutrient flux to the coastal ocean via SGD along 16-17 km of shoreline are equivalent to nutrient fluxes from two salt water wetlands near the study site during the dry season. r

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Section: Model Of Tidally Driven and Wave-driven Dischargementioning

confidence: 99%

Composition and flux of groundwater from a California beach aquifer: Implications for nutrient supply to the surf zone

Boehm

Paytan

Shellenbarger³

et al. 2006

Continental Shelf Research

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“…With constant buoyancy (N) and wave (v) frequencies, the theoretical phase speed (C p ) for a mode 1 cross-shorepropagating internal wave (Gill 1982)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6d). Moving into shallow water, the group velocity of a shoreward-propagating internal wave decreases, and a o increases to conserve wave energy flux, until the wave breaks (Gill 1982). For an idealized two-layer system, breaking occurs when the undisturbed lower layer thickness h low is , h bp (Helfrich 1992) defined as…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over the morning and early afternoon, the shallow marsh water (H , 2 m) was strongly solar heated relative to near-surface waters at M13. Based on the marsh area (10 5 m 3 ; Grant et al 2001), tidal prism (2.35 3 10 5 m 3 ; Jeong et al 2008) and the solar insolation, the marsh water would have heated , 0.8uC. With the ebb tide at 12:00 h, the warmed marsh water began draining into the surf-zone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical and biological processes underlying the sudden surface appearance of a red tide in the nearshore

Omand

Leichter

Franks

et al. 2011

Limnology & Oceanography

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The sudden appearance at the surface of an alongshore-parallel band of red tide near Huntington Beach, California, is described in high spatial and temporal resolution using novel instrumentation including a global positioning system-tracked jet-ski. The scale of the surface chlorophyll a (Chl a) band was small (, 200 m crossshore) and ephemeral (3 h) compared with the subsurface extent of the red tide (, 2 km, . 7 d). The red tide was dominated by the regionally common dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum (F. Stein) and had developed as a subsurface Chl a layer during the 7 d prior to the surface appearance. A few hours before the surface appearance, a subsurface patch of elevated Chl a (Chl a . 30 mg L 21 ) was observed in 13-m total depth in the trough of a shoreward-propagating internal wave, consistent with dinoflagellate vertical swimming interacting with the internal wave-driven convergence. Internal wave-breaking-induced vertical mixing in , 8-m water depth vertically spread the Chl a patch to the surface, creating the alongshore surface band , 500 m from shore. Both the subsurface Chl a patch and the surface Chl a band were prevented from entering the surf-zone by a density barrier of warm water adjacent to the beach. These high-resolution observations emphasize the role of nearshore physical dynamics in controlling the duration and intensity of red tide exposure to coastal habitats.

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“…in environmental waters other than sewage, including animal waste (Devriese et al 1987(Devriese et al , 1991Sinton et al 1993;Harwood et al 2001), invertebrates (Svec et al 2002) and plants (Muller et al 2001). Other sources may be resuspended survivors from sediments (Grant et al 2001;Le Fevre & Lewis 2003) and soils (Fujioka et al 1999). The broad environmental distribution of Enterococcus spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological evaluation of fecal bacterial composition from surface water through aquifer sand material

Ibekwe

Lyon

2008

Journal of Water and Health

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When bacterial pathogens from livestock contaminate drinking water supplies, they can cause different forms of gastroenteritis. The objective of this study was to enumerate the concentrations of fecal indicator (Escherichia coli and enterococci) in surface water in order to determine removal efficiency by sand filtration. The concentrations of different indicator bacterial species were determined after running tertiary treated water through two tanks containing aquifer material. Enterococcus faecalis primers targeting the ddl gene and primers for Enterococcus faecium were used to identify the two species in the samples. A PCR assay based on the partial sequence of the b-D-glucoronidase gene (uidA) for specific detection and differentiation of E. coli populations was used to confirm the presence of E. coli after a biochemical test. The biochemical test overestimated the percentage of E. faecium in our samples, but the PCR assay with the ddl gene produced 100% specificity with Enterococcus faecalis. The biochemical test was 91.5% specific in identifying E. coli. The composition of indicator bacteria in Santa Ana River was dominated by intestinal microflora of humans and animals; filtration by aquifer sand material may reduce the transport of indicator bacteria from surface water to groundwater.

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Generation of Enterococci Bacteria in a Coastal Saltwater Marsh and Its Impact on Surf Zone Water Quality

Cited by 166 publications

References 25 publications

Composition and flux of groundwater from a California beach aquifer: Implications for nutrient supply to the surf zone

Composition and flux of groundwater from a California beach aquifer: Implications for nutrient supply to the surf zone

Physical and biological processes underlying the sudden surface appearance of a red tide in the nearshore

Microbiological evaluation of fecal bacterial composition from surface water through aquifer sand material

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