Generation of end-inhibition in the visual cortex via interlaminar connections

Bolz, Jürgen; Gilbert, Charles D.

doi:10.1038/320362a0

Cited by 281 publications

(178 citation statements)

References 21 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

162

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Consistent with this idea, we did not find surround orientation selectivity of end-stopped cells in squirrel. Layer 6 cells in cat contribute to inhibitory tuning (Bolz and Gilbert, 1986), and it is possible that tuning in cats and lack of tuning in squirrels is the result of vertical net inhibitory connections that are made from underlying cells without regard to orientation preferences.…”

Section: Receptive Field Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lack of Patchy Horizontal Connectivity in Primary Visual Cortex of a Mammal without Orientation Maps

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the cerebral cortex of mammals, horizontal connections link cells up to several millimeters apart. In primary visual cortex (V1) of mammals with orientation maps, horizontal connections ramify in periodic patches across the cortical surface, connecting cells with similar orientation preferences. Rodents have orientation-selective cells but lack orientation maps, raising questions about relationships of horizontal connections to functional maps and receptive field properties. To address these questions, we studied anatomy of horizontal connections and characterized horizontal functional interactions in V1 of the gray squirrel, a highly visual rodent. Long-range intrinsic connections in squirrel V1 extended 1-2 mm but were not patchy or periodic. This result suggests that periodic and patchy connectivity is not a universal organizing principle of cortex, and the existence of patchy and periodic connectivity and functional maps may be linked. In multielectrode and intracellular recordings, we found evidence of unselective local interactions among cells, similar to pinwheel centers of carnivores. These data suggest that, in mammals with and without orientation maps, local connections link near neighbors without regard to orientation selectivity. In single-unit recordings, we found length-summing and end-stopped cells that were similar to those in other mammals. Length-summing cell surrounds were orientation selective, whereas surrounds of end-stopped cells were not. Receptive field response classes are quite similar across mammals, and therefore patchy and columnar connectivity may not be essential for these properties.

show abstract

Section: Receptive Field Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lack of Patchy Horizontal Connectivity in Primary Visual Cortex of a Mammal without Orientation Maps

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Additional research suggests that end-stopped cells are built from combinations of non-end-stopped cells. Bolz and Gilbert (1986), for example, show that reversibly inactivating Layer 6 in the cat reduces or abolishes end-stopping in the superficial layers. These properties are consistent with the first competitive stage in the BCS architecture.…”

Section: Predictionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortical dynamics of lateral inhibition: Visual persistence and ISI

Francis

1996

Perception & Psychophysics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Psychophysical studies show that increasing the interstimulus interval (lSI) between two stimuli decreases persistence of the first stimulus. Whilesome researchers account for these results with interactions of transient and sustained inhibition, this paper describes an alternative explanation. In a neural-network model of boundary detection called the boundary contour system, persistence is the result of feedback-generated reverberations. Mechanisms to control these reverberations include lateral inhibition, which computer simulations show allows persistence in the network to qualitatively match the psychophysicaldata. Additionalsimulations predict that increasing the duration of the second stimulus should cause persistence to increase with lSI. The model links psychophysical data on visual persistence with computational requirements of spatial vision and properties of cells in visual cortex. Burr (1980) observed that moving stimuli were not as blurred as would be expected. Studies of visual persistence show that stimuli persist for hundreds of milliseconds (e.g., Bowen, Pola, & Matin, 1974), which would produce substantial blurring of moving stimuli. However, Burr suggested that mechanisms responsible for detecting motion inhibited persisting representations ofa stimulus to deblur the moving percept. Di Lollo and Hogben (1987) found an inverse proximity effect, where nearby stimuli that were spatially close and temporally contiguous reduced the persistence of nonmoving stimuli. This finding suggested that motion-detection mechanisms were not critical for deblurring moving stimuli, and that lateral inhibition interacting across space and time inhibited persisting representations of past stimuli. Farrell, Pavel, and Sperling (1990) showed similar results using stimuli that moved in apparent motion. They also developed a descriptive model of visual persistence that outlined how lateral inhibition from a new stimulus affects the decay of old stimulus representations. In this model, persistence is the result ofa fading trace, and lateral inhibition decreases the strength of the trace so that it more quickly decays below a constant threshold.While the idea of persistence as a fading trace is intuitively appealing, the mechanisms underlying the trace and their interaction with mechanisms oflateral inhibition appear to be more complicated than the Farrell et al. (1990) description. Di Lollo andHogben (1987) found that the effects of nearby stimuli were stronger with longer stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), and Castet (1994), using a method very similar to Farrell et al.'s, demonstrated that persistence ofa leading stimulus decreases as Correspondence should be addressed to the author at Department of Psychological Sciences, 1364 Psychological Science Building, Purdue University, West Layfayette, IN 47907-1364 (e-mail: gfrancis@psych. purdue.edu). the interstimulus interval (lSI) between it and a trailing stimulus increases. Figure la shows data for 2 subjects from Castet. Farrell et al.'s model did not consider the...

show abstract

“…For these cells, an increase in stimulus length beyond some optimal value led to a rapid decline in response magnitude. This property was thought to represent an emergent property of the cortical circuitry generated through intracortical inhibitory mechanisms, and this view has received considerable support in recent times (Hubel & Wiesel, 1965;Orban, Kato & Bishop, 1979b;Bolz & Gilbert, 1986). While many cortical cells are also highly sensitive to other stimulus features, such as orientation and direction of motion, the responses of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) cells, which provide the input to the visual cortex, are widely believed to show little or no sensitivity to such stimulus features.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Directional asymmetries in the length‐response profiles of cells in the feline dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.

Jones¹,

Sillito²

1994

The Journal of Physiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

1. The visual cortex provides a major synaptic input to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Cortical layer VI cells giving rise to this projection are strongly influenced by stimulus orientation, length and direction of motion. In the dLGN, a significant component of the strong length tuning exhibited by most cells follows from the corticofugal influence. We have now checked whether there are directional biases in geniculate cell responses, and whether such biases are influenced by stimulus length. 2. The responses of A‐laminae dLGN cells were assessed by single‐unit extracellular recording. Length preference was examined by plotting multihistogram length‐tuning curves to moving bars of light of various length. 3. Over half of the cells tested (100/183) exhibited directional bias and in many cases, this bias was highly dependent on bar length, resulting in radically different length response profiles for the two directions of motion. These asymmetries are similar to those documented for cortical hypercomplex cells, but do not equate to any known facet of the centre‐surround organization of dLGN cell receptive fields. 4. We suspected the directional biases followed from the influence of the corticofugal projection. To test this, we recorded from preparations where areas 17 and 18 of the visual cortex had been removed. Surprisingly, a similar proportion of cells exhibited directional biases after removal of the corticofugal input, suggesting that the biases are generated subcortically. 5. The widespread presence of systematic biases in the response profiles of dLGN cells further underlines the possibility that geniculate mechanisms may make a far greater contribution to visual processing than hitherto suspected.

show abstract

Generation of end-inhibition in the visual cortex via interlaminar connections

Cited by 281 publications

References 21 publications

Lack of Patchy Horizontal Connectivity in Primary Visual Cortex of a Mammal without Orientation Maps

Lack of Patchy Horizontal Connectivity in Primary Visual Cortex of a Mammal without Orientation Maps

Cortical dynamics of lateral inhibition: Visual persistence and ISI

Directional asymmetries in the length‐response profiles of cells in the feline dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About