Generation of Cytotoxic T cells and Dysfunctional CD8 T Cells in Severe COVID19 Patients

Gozzi-Silva, Sarah Cristina; Oliveira, Luana de Medonça; Alberca, Ricardo Wesley; Pereira, Newton Lindolfo; Yoshikawa, Fumio; Pietrobon, Anna Julia; Yendo, Tatiana Mina; Andrade, Milena Mary de Souza; Ramos, Yasmim Álefe Leuzzi; Brito, Cyro Alves de; Oliveira, Emily Araújo; Beserra, Danielle Rosa; Duarte, Alberto José da Silva; Sato, Maria Notomi

doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0496.v1

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 23 publications

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“…21 Interestingly, prolonged hospitalizations with COVID resulted in no overt recovery of B or CD4+ T cell lymphocytes. 22 Whereas in SARS-CoV1, CD8+ T lymphocytes normalised after 3 months of symptom onset, and CD4+ lymphocytes were still decreased in almost half of people after a year; total lymphocytes were still decreased after 16 weeks. A CD4+ reduction suggests high susceptibility to opportunistic infections.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Cell Death Following Infection Of Macrophages L...mentioning

confidence: 93%

The immune paradox of SARS‐CoV‐2: Lymphocytopenia and autoimmunity evoking features in COVID‐19 and possible treatment modalities

Gerlach¹,

Baig

Fabrowski

et al. 2023

Reviews in Medical Virology

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SARS-CoV-2 causes multiorgan damage to vital organs and tissue that are known to be due to a combination of tissue tropisms and cytokine-mediated damage that it can incite in COVID-19. The effects of SARS-Co-2 on the lymphocytes and therefore on the immune response have attracted attention recently in COVID-19 to understand its effects in causing a chronic state of ongoing infection with Long-COVID. The associated lymphopaenia and autoimmune disease state, which is an apparent paradox, needs to be researched to dissect possible mechanisms underlying this state. This paper attempts to unravel the aforesaid immune paradox effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the lymphocytes and discusses appropriate treatment modalities with antiviral drugs and nutraceuticals which could prove virucidal in SARS-CoV-2 seeding monocytes and lymphocytes in patients with COVID-19 and Long-COVID. Importantly it proposes a new in vitro treatment modality of immune regulating cells that can help patients fight the lymphopaenia associated with COVID-19 and Long-COVID. | INTRODUCTIONThe SARS-CoV-2 is now been established to produce organ damage due to its direct invasion of target cells by using diverse types of cell surface receptors 1-3 and non angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor-mediated host cell entry mechanisms like clathrinassisted cellular uptake. 2 The mechanism of cell invasion by SARS-CoV-2 is one of the top niches in COVID-19 research worldwide.The immune response of the human immune system to SARS-CoV-2 is also a pivotal area of research to understand the differential immune response that is mounted by individuals against SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 and long-COVID. 4,5 Interesting questions which need lymphocyte entry of the virus needs to be dissected as targeting

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Section: Mechanism Of Cell Death Following Infection Of Macrophages L...mentioning

confidence: 93%

The immune paradox of SARS‐CoV‐2: Lymphocytopenia and autoimmunity evoking features in COVID‐19 and possible treatment modalities

Gerlach¹,

Baig

Fabrowski

et al. 2023

Reviews in Medical Virology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Dissecting the Protective Effect of CD8+ T Cells in Response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination and the Potential Link with Lymph Node CD8+ T Cells

Chen

Venturi

Munier

2023

Biology

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SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have played a crucial role in effectively reducing COVID-19 disease severity, with a new generation of vaccines that use messenger RNA (mRNA) technology being administered globally. Neutralizing antibodies have featured as the heroes of vaccine-induced immunity. However, vaccine-elicited CD8+ T cells may have a significant impact on the early protective effects of the mRNA vaccine, which are evident 12 days after initial vaccination. Vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells have been shown to respond to multiple epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 and exhibit polyfunctionality in the periphery at the early stage, even when neutralizing antibodies are scarce. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce diverse subsets of memory CD8+ T cells that persist for more than six months following vaccination. However, the protective role of CD8+ T cells in response to the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines remains a topic of debate. In addition, our understanding of CD8+ T cells in response to vaccination in the lymph nodes, where they first encounter antigen, is still limited. This review delves into the current knowledge regarding the protective role of polyfunctional CD8+ T cells in controlling the virus, the response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines, and the contribution to supporting B cell activity and promoting immune protection in the lymph nodes.

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Alterations in the CD56− and CD56+ T Cell Subsets during COVID-19

Vavilova

Ustiuzhanina

Boyko

et al. 2023

IJMS

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The effectiveness of the antiviral immune response largely depends on the activation of cytotoxic T cells. The heterogeneous group of functionally active T cells expressing the CD56 molecule (NKT-like cells), that combines the properties of T lymphocytes and NK cells, is poorly studied in COVID-19. This work aimed to analyze the activation and differentiation of both circulating NKT-like cells and CD56− T cells during COVID-19 among intensive care unit (ICU) patients, moderate severity (MS) patients, and convalescents. A decreased proportion of CD56+ T cells was found in ICU patients with fatal outcome. Severe COVID-19 was accompanied by a decrease in the proportion of CD8+ T cells, mainly due to the CD56− cell death, and a redistribution of the NKT-like cell subset composition with a predominance of more differentiated cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. The differentiation process was accompanied by an increase in the proportions of KIR2DL2/3+ and NKp30+ cells in the CD56+ T cell subset of COVID-19 patients and convalescents. Decreased percentages of NKG2D+ and NKG2A+ cells and increased PD-1 and HLA-DR expression levels were found in both CD56− and CD56+ T cells, and can be considered as indicators of COVID-19 progression. In the CD56− T cell fraction, increased CD16 levels were observed in MS patients and in ICU patients with lethal outcome, suggesting a negative role for CD56−CD16+ T cells in COVID-19. Overall, our findings suggest an antiviral role of CD56+ T cells in COVID-19.

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Generation of Cytotoxic T cells and Dysfunctional CD8 T Cells in Severe COVID19 Patients

Cited by 4 publications

References 23 publications

The immune paradox of SARS‐CoV‐2: Lymphocytopenia and autoimmunity evoking features in COVID‐19 and possible treatment modalities

The immune paradox of SARS‐CoV‐2: Lymphocytopenia and autoimmunity evoking features in COVID‐19 and possible treatment modalities

Dissecting the Protective Effect of CD8+ T Cells in Response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination and the Potential Link with Lymph Node CD8+ T Cells

Alterations in the CD56− and CD56+ T Cell Subsets during COVID-19

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