Generation of a 400 GPa pressure in water using converging strong shock waves

Abstract

Results related to the generation of an extreme state of water with pressure up to (4.3 ± 0.2)·1011 Pa, density up to 4.2 ± 0.1 g/cm3, and temperature up to 2.2 ± 0.1 eV in the vicinity of the implosion axis of a converging strong shock wave are reported. The shock wave was produced by the underwater electrical explosion of a cylindrical Cu wire array. A ∼8 kJ pulse generator with a current amplitude ≤550 kA and rise time of 350 ns was used to explode arrays having varying lengths, radii, and number of wires. Hydrodynamic numerical simulations coupled to the experimental data of the shock wave propagation in water, rate of energy deposition into the array, and light emission from the compressed water in the vicinity of the implosion axis were used to determine the pressure, density, and temperature profiles during the implosion. Results of a comparison between these parameters obtained with the SESAME and quantum molecular dynamics data bases of equation of state for water are reported as well. Also, the dependences of the maximal pressure in the vicinity of the implosion axes on the array radius and the deposited energy density per unit length are reported.

Raman spectra from Symmetric Hydrogen Bonds in Water by High-intensity Laser-induced Breakdown

“…The strong plasma shockwave front rises faster in water, whose duration is around 10 ns, and its pulse falls whose duration is around 100 ns more slowly than it rises. Ice X can be formed when the shockwave front rises, the temperature is around 900 K and the pressure is around 65 Gpa192324, which corresponding with the experimental result point 1 in Fig. 2.…”

Spectroscopy of a plasma formed in the vicinity of implosion of the shock wave generated by underwater electrical explosion of spherical wire array

“…16 This allows this approach for generating converging strong SW by underwater electrical explosion of either cylindrical of spherical wire arrays to be applied in order to obtain an extreme state of water in the vicinity of the SW implosion. 17,18 In the case of a cylindrical wire array explosion, shadow imaging of the generated SW and water light emission in the vicinity of the convergence axis were used to calculate the time-of-flight (TOF) of the SW. 19,20 These data and the $12% efficiency of the stored energy transfer to the converging water flow were used as validation parameters for comparison with the results of one dimension hydrodynamic (HD) simulations, coupled with the experimentally measured energy deposited into the wires and the EOS for water. 21 The results of these simulations showed that in the vicinity of the convergence axis, the values of pressure P % 4.7 Â 10 11 Pa, temperature T % 3 eV, and density q % 4 g/ cm 3 can be reached.…”

Stimulated Raman scattering from ice-VIII by shock-induced compression in liquid water

“…Second, the plasma nanobubble begins to collapse and produces electron jets and a shock wave that induce water compression whose duration is about 5 ns. 36 The shock wave front rises faster in water, and its pulse falls more slowly than it rises. Ice-VII can be formed when the shock wave front rises, the temperature is around 900 K, and the pressure is around 20 GPa, 36,37 but the lifetime of ice-VII is so short that it cannot exist when the descending edge of the laser pulse reaches the region of "compressed-state water."…”

“…The water pressure declines slowly and uniformly. 38 The shock wave generates approximately 10 GPa pressure and 270 K temperature 32,36,39,40 when the shock wave pulse falls. Under these conditions, ice-VIII can be obtained.…”