Generation and development of damage in double forged tungsten in different combined regimes of irradiation with extreme heat loads

Boron in Heat‐Treatable Steels: A Review

“…Stoichiometric Ti addition (Ti/N > 3.4 by weight) leads to the formation of more stable TiN instead of BN. [66] These TiN precipitates often tend to be coarse, and may therefore adversely affect the impact properties as well as machinability, and so Ti-protection is particularly used at high nitrogen levels (>80 wt ppm). [66] Simcoe et al [8] proposed a combination of 0.03 wt% Al and 0.03 wt% Ti in an electric-arc furnace (EAF) steel production to protect boron from oxygen and nitrogen.…”

“…It is most advantageous due to high impact strength, superior machinability, as well as grain growth characteristics, but requires advanced steel-making practice compared with Ti addition and is used only at low N contents. [66] Rohl [67] suggested that the Al addition to steel is increased by 0.5 lbs ton À1 Mamta Sharma received her Ph.D. on the topic "Design and development of microalloyed case hardening steels and their processing,"at the Steel Institute, RWTH Aachen University in 2019. Since August 2019, she works as a steel researcher at the Swedish Research Institute for Mining, Metallurgy and Materials, SWERIM AB.…”

“…Excess boron addition, i.e., hyperstoichiometric boron with respect to nitrogen, can help retain some free boron, even after some loss of boron to BN formation However, large boron addition can lead to poor hot ductility, and so careful control of steel-making and rolling practice is required. [66] Boron additions greater than 0.006 wt% are reported to be detrimental to hot working properties of steel. [69]…”

Comparison of multifractal parameters of surface defects and non-defects

“…The interpretation of D(q) for non-defects allows us to suggest that, as D(-5) > D (5), then for a non-defects area, big but infrequently connected non-damaged areas dominate over frequent but fractured and not-connected nondamaged areas (Table 1; Fig. 2a).…”

“…Since pure tungsten is brittle at high temperatures, various materials containing tungsten have been tested, such as double-forged tungsten, nanowire-enhanced tungsten fibers, etc. [4][5][6][7][8]. Tungsten is also alloyed with yttrium oxide, tantalum, potassium, titanium carbide, rhenium, etc., for the same purpose [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18].…”