“…According to p, the Minkowski distance has three common forms: 1) p=1, d n,j is the Manhattan distance, i.e., the summation of absolute differences; 2) p=2, d n,j is the Euclidean distance; 3) p=∞, d n,j is the Chebyshev distance, the maximum difference among all the distances. Among these measures, the Chebyshev distance, i.e., the maximum norm, is the most common vector distance in probability estimations [17,18,19,20,21] for determining whether all differences of values in two state vectors fall inside a given threshold.…”