Generalized Viral Illness Caused by an Intermediate Strain of Adenovirus (21/H21 + 35)

Hierholzer, John C.; Torrence, Anne E; Wright, Peter F.

doi:10.1093/infdis/141.3.281

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Isolate #1589 was seen as Ad 16 with BgllI and BstEII, but was unlike the prototypes with the other enzymes. Isolate # 1333 had RE patterns identical to Ad 21 with 6 of the 7 enzymes, and was also identical to the previously described 21/H21 +35 strain #8176 [21].…”

Section: Serologysupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Intermediate types may consist of strains that are doubly neutralized or which have neutralizing antigens of one type and hemagglutinins of another when tested with reference antisera. Such strains have been previously isolated from eye, throat, and rectal specimens [1,3,6,19,21,28,38,41,43,44], but they are rare among the total ofadenovirus strains recovered. Further, we have not found any intermediate strains in the many other immunosuppressed patients we have studied to date.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this scheme [38], the first number given denotes identity by neutralization, and the second number, following " H " (hemagglutinin), denotes identity by HI reaction. One double-hemagglutinin intermediate strain, A d 2 1 / H 2 1 + 35, has been found frequently [21,24], but the others have not been previously described: 34/H t 1 (3 strains), 35/H 11 (1 strain), and 11 + 35/H 11 (2 strains).…”

Section: Serologymentioning

confidence: 97%

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Analysis of antigenically intermediate strains of subgenus B and D adenoviruses from AIDS patients

Hierholzer

Adrian

Anderson

et al. 1988

Archives of Virology

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We carried out detailed antigenic and restriction enzyme (RE) analyses on the subgenus B and D adenovirus isolates from 48 AIDS patients. These isolates were unusual both in the diversity of serotypes and in the number of intermediate strains identified. All unusual isolates were strain-purified and tested by serum neutralization (SN) and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests with reference horse and rabbit antisera to all the prototype human adenoviruses; conversely, rabbit antisera were prepared to 16 selected strains from this study and tested by SN and HI with all prototype viruses. Among subgenus B strains, 6 DNA variants of Ad 11 isolates were distinguished by endonucleases BamHI, BglII, BstEII, HindIII, and SmaI. The D 2 variant of Ad 11 was prominent with 5 isolates, and 7 other isolates differed from D 2 in only 1 or 2 enzymes. HindIII was the most discriminative endonuclease for Ad 11 and related strains. Within subgenus D, there were 16 isolates of intermediate strains, including 4 intermediate types related to new Ad types 43-47. The RE patterns of subgenus D strains showed fragment distributions typical of subgenus D, with various unique patterns. Particular care was taken to analyze multiple strains from the same patient, recovered as much as 8 months apart, for evidence of genetic changes. The possible long-term infections with these viruses may provide the opportunity for mutations and recombination to occur, with the resultant generation of a variety of new strains of adenoviruses.

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Section: Serologysupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Serologymentioning

confidence: 97%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Analysis of antigenically intermediate strains of subgenus B and D adenoviruses from AIDS patients

Hierholzer

Adrian

Anderson

et al. 1988

Archives of Virology

Self Cite

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“…It must be recognized, however, that some descriptive information is lost with PCR. Without Nt or HI, intermediate strains of Ad21/H21 35 [Hierholzer et al, 1980] or strains that are doubly neutralized (e.g., Ad3 16/H16 [Wigand et al, 1985] ) will not be recognized. Nevertheless, our species- [Xu et al, 2000] and type-speci®c multiplex PCR assays should facilitate rapid and accurate identi®cation of Ad isolates in support of epidemiologic investigations of outbreaks of acute respiratory illness in both civilian and military populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Type‐specific identification of human adenovirus 3, 7, and 21 by a multiplex PCR assay†

Erdman

2001

Journal of Medical Virology

123

137

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Human adenovirus (Ad) serotypes 3, 7, and 21 of DNA cluster B:1 are often associated with severe respiratory illness, particularly in infants and young children and, in addition to Ad4, are among the most important causes of acute respiratory disease syndrome in new military recruits. To address the inherent problems associated with classic typing methods, we developed a multiplex PCR assay for the rapid, specific identification of Ad3, Ad7, and Ad21 field isolates. To design type-specific primers for our assay, we sequenced the Ad21 hexon gene and compared this sequence with previously published sequences of Ad3, Ad7, and Ad16. The overall nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) identities between Ad21 and Ad3, Ad7, and Ad16 were similar (ranges 78.3-80.8% nt; 84.1-86.2% aa), with significantly greater variability in the regions of the hexon that encode surface loops 1 and 2. Type-specific primers designed to the hypervariable regions correctly identified Ad3, Ad7, and Ad21 prototype strains and 53 previously typed Ad field isolates. No cross-reactions with other Ad serotypes were identified. Our multiplex PCR assay for type-specific identification of Ad3, Ad7, and Ad21 isolates will provide a rapid and convenient tool for the epidemiologic investigation of Ad-associated respiratory illness.

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“…Most illnesses are self-limiting within 2 weeks and induce typespecific immunity. Adenoviruses are endemic in pediatric populations, but outbreaks can occur in association with certain body systems and in selected populations (13,15,43,48,103,104,126,129,134). These are summarized in Table 2.…”

Section: Adenovirus Detection and Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adenoviruses in the immunocompromised host

1992

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Adenoviruses are among the many pathogens and opportunistic agents that cause serious infection in the congenitally immunocompromised, in patients undergoing immunosuppressive treatment for organ and tissue transplants and for cancers, and in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Adenovirus infections in these patients tend to become disseminated and severe, and the serotypes involved are clustered according to the age of the patient and the nature of the immunosuppression. Over 300 adenovirus infections in immunocompromised patients, with an overall case fatality rate of 48%, are reviewed in this paper. Children with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome and other primary immunodeficiencies are exposed to the serotypes of subgroups B and C that commonly infect young children, and thus their infections are due to types 1 to 7 and 31 of subgenus A. Children with bone marrow and liver transplants often have lung and liver adenovirus infections that are due to an expanded set of subgenus A, B, C, and E serotypes. Adults with kidney transplants have viruses of subgenus B, mostly types 11, 34, and 35, which cause cystitis. This review indicates that 11% of transplant recipients become infected with adenoviruses, with case fatality rates from 60% for bone marrow transplant patients to 18% for renal transplant patients. Patients with AIDS become infected with a diversity of serotypes of all subgenera because their adult age and life-style expose them to many adenoviruses, possibly resulting in antigenically intermediate strains that are not found elsewhere. Interestingly, isolates from the urine of AIDS patients are generally of subgenus B and comprise types 11, 21, 34, 35, and intermediate strains of these types, whereas isolates from stool are of subgenus D and comprise many rare, new, and intermediate strains that are untypeable for practical purposes. It has been estimated that adenoviruses cause active infection in 12% of AIDS patients and that 45% of these infections terminate in death within 2 months. In all immunocompromised patients, generalized illness involving the central nervous system, respiratory system, hepatitis, and gastroenteritis usually have a fulminant course and result in death. Treatments for adenovirus infections are of little proven value, although certain purine and pyrimidine analogs have shown beneficial effects in vitro and may be promising drugs.

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Generalized Viral Illness Caused by an Intermediate Strain of Adenovirus (21/H21 + 35)

Cited by 21 publications

References 37 publications

Analysis of antigenically intermediate strains of subgenus B and D adenoviruses from AIDS patients

Analysis of antigenically intermediate strains of subgenus B and D adenoviruses from AIDS patients

Type‐specific identification of human adenovirus 3, 7, and 21 by a multiplex PCR assay†

Adenoviruses in the immunocompromised host

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