Generalized Storage–Yield–Reliability Relationships for Analysing Shopping Centre Rainwater Harvesting Systems

Ndiritu, John; Moodley, Yashiren; Guliwe, Mondli

doi:10.3390/w9100771

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(93 reference statements)

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“…2). This is in agreement with similar observations made for raingauging stations spread over much larger areas of South Africa (Ndiritu et al, 2014(Ndiritu et al, , 2017. The variation of the ratios of optimal tank storage to demand varied more appreciably (Fig.…”

Section: The Development Of Design Guidelinessupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Relationships amongst these variables were obtained using data from daily time-step simulations of potential RWH systems in the CoJ and the selection of this data applied the concept of hydrologic optimality. A hydrologically optimal RWH system lies on the Pareto front at which storage size is minimized while yield and reliability are maximized (Ndiritu et al, 2017). The RWH system variables required to determine this are the catchment area, the rainfall, the tank size, the demand, the yield and its reliability.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For probabilistic life cycle or other cost analyses, the expected long-term supply levels correspond to 50 % reliability and generalized guidelines that include this seemingly low reliability would therefore be applicable. The generalization followed the approach applied by Ndiritu et al (2017) and was carried out in two steps: (i) finding appropriate non-dimensionless ratios of the optimal hydrologic components obtained from the simulations, and (ii) graphically presenting the relationships of these nondimensionless ratios and other variables efficiently to obtain design charts. The resulting design charts are presented in Fig.…”

Section: The Development Of Design Guidelinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Guidelines for rainwater harvesting system design and assessment for the city of Johannesburg, South Africa

2018

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Abstract. As water demand increases rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems are increasingly being installed for water supply but comprehensive hydrologic design guidelines for RWH do not exist in many parts of the world. The objective of this study was to develop guidelines for the hydrologic design and assessment of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in the City of Johannesburg, South Africa. The data for developing the guidelines were mainly obtained from multiple daily simulations of potential RWH systems in the city. The simulations used daily rainfall from 8 stations and demands based on the probable non-potable uses of RWH systems – toilet flushing, air conditioning and irrigation. The guidelines were confined to systems that would typically fill up in the wet season and empty towards the end of the dry season of the same year. Therefore, supply-to-demand ratios ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 were applied. Two generalized design charts of dimensionless relationships were developed. One relates the yield ratio with supply-to-demand ratio and reliability while the other relates the yield ratio with the storage-to-demand ratio and reliability. Reliability was defined as the probability of exceedance of annual yield in order to incorporate the large inter-annual variability of rainfall experienced in the region. The analyses and design of an example RWH system is used to illustrate the application of the design charts.

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Section: The Development Of Design Guidelinessupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Development Of Design Guidelinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Guidelines for rainwater harvesting system design and assessment for the city of Johannesburg, South Africa

2018

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“…The rainwater catchment area was defined as the projected area of the house roof [34]. The photomap was derived from Google Earth, and the roof area was estimated using Image J software.…”

Section: Distribution Of the Catchment Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential of Rainwater Utilization in Households Based on the Distributions of Catchment Area and End-Use Water Demand

Takagi

Otaki

2018

Water

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In the area where household water use exceeds the capacity of the public water supply, rainwater is considered as one of the alternative water resources. Many researchers studied rainwater potential to cover the specific value of water demand in households having the average catchment area, so that the estimated potential expresses that of the average population. In this research, the possibility of rainwater use for toilets was investigated more realistically using the probability distributions of water demand and catchment area, and precipitation in case of Hanoi, Vietnam. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted throughout this simulation and the distribution of the possibility of rainwater use was estimated. The effect of household size and seasonal variations on the potential of rainwater utilization was also assessed. These results showed that our new approach exhibited that approximately 60% of the households failed to achieve the potential that was estimated using the conventional approach. Therefore, our new approach should be useful to understand the manner in which the potential of rainwater utilization differs in a given area, and it could be applied to other areas for consideration on the rainwater use potential and the suitable tank size when the distributions of variables and precipitation are clear.

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“…Therefore, similar approaches have been applied to determine the optimal-sizing of a rainwater storage system, such as an analytical equation for storm-water detention [10], a general storage-reliability-yield (SRY) relationship [11], and a method with different results depending on the scenario [12], or a dimensionless method [12]. On the other hand, the regional performance of RWHS has drawn great attention as it is necessary to comprehend how regional characteristics, such as social and natural components, affect the performance of a RWHS [13][14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of a RBSN under the RCP Scenarios: A Case Study in South Korea

2018

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According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report, the amount of precipitation in South Korea would increase regardless of the reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. However, at the same time, it is expected that the temporal and spatial rainfall variation would also increase. Due to the impact from typhoons, 90% of the annual precipitation in Korea occurs in July, August, and September. Moreover, the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenario projected that the average precipitation in this period is expected to increase markedly, especially over the next 100 years. These predictions imply an increased variability of available water resources. In this study, we assessed a RBSN (rain barrel sharing network) as an efficient way to respond to the future climate change projections under the RCP scenarios when compared to the historical data. We proposed an evaluation procedure for the reliability, resilience, and vulnerability of RBSN based on a storage-reliability-yield (SRY) relationship. The result shows that the reliability and resiliency of a RBSN will improve but be more vulnerable compared to the results from the historical rainfall data. However, even in the climate change condition, the results showed that a RBSN still contributes to reduce vulnerability. The results of this study imply that a RBSN is an effective and alternative measure that can deal with the impacts of climate change in the future.

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Generalized Storage–Yield–Reliability Relationships for Analysing Shopping Centre Rainwater Harvesting Systems

Cited by 7 publications

References 37 publications

Guidelines for rainwater harvesting system design and assessment for the city of Johannesburg, South Africa

Guidelines for rainwater harvesting system design and assessment for the city of Johannesburg, South Africa

Potential of Rainwater Utilization in Households Based on the Distributions of Catchment Area and End-Use Water Demand

Performance of a RBSN under the RCP Scenarios: A Case Study in South Korea

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