Scan statistics have been used extensively in several areas of science and technology to test for the occurrence of clusters of rare events. In this article we present a survey of results in the area of scan statistics that are applicable to quality control and reliability theory. In quality control, scan statistics have been used in the design and analysis of acceptance sampling schemes. We survey results that are useful in evaluating the operating characteristics of such sampling schemes. In reliability theory, scan statistics have been used in the analysis and design of a
k
‐within‐consecutive‐
m
‐out‐of‐
n
:
F
system of
n
components arranged in a linear or circular fashion. This system fails if
k
components fail within any segment of
m
consecutive components. In this article, we survey results for approximations and bounds for the system reliability of such systems. Two‐dimensional scan statistics have been used in the analysis and design of a
k
‐within‐consecutive‐(
m
1
,
m
2
)‐out‐of‐(
n
1
,
n
2
):
F
system of
n
1
n
2
components arranged in an
n
1
by
n
2
rectangular or cylindrical lattice. This system fails if
k
components fail within an
m
1
by
m
2
rectangular subregion in the
n
1
by
n
2
lattice. We survey results for the approximations and bounds for system reliability of these systems. In material science, reliability of certain materials can be compromised by the appearance of a large number of microcracks in a small area or volume. We present a survey of two‐ and three‐dimensional scan statistics that have been used in analyzing the occurrences of such microcracks.