Generalized Anxiety Disorder During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Iran

Zakeri, Mohammad Ali; Rafsanjanipoor, Sayed Mortaza Hossini; Kahnooji, Mahmood; Heidari, Fatemeh; Dehghan, Mahlagha

doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001320

Cited by 27 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Moreover, anxiety levels closely mirrored the daily number of new cases during the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong [12]. Recent studies showed that substantial proportions of the general population reported moderate-to-severe symptoms of anxiety during the initial outbreak of COVID-19 in Iran (28%) [13], China (29%) [14], the United Kingdom (24%) [15], Canada (20%) [16], Belgium (15%) [16], Switzerland (12%) [16], the Philippines (23%) [16], and Bangladesh (37%) [17]. The percentages of moderate-to-severe anxiety in China and the UK were lower before the COVID-19 pandemic [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Items are summed, resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating higher levels of anxiety. Based on the total score, 4 levels of anxiety severity were derived: minimal (0-4), mild (5-9), moderate (10)(11)(12)(13)(14), and severe (5-21) [43]. As a screening instrument for GAD symptoms, a GAD-7 score of 10 or greater has been proposed, yielding a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 82% for GAD [43].…”

Section: Measures 221 Outcome: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Generalized Anxiety among Swiss Health Professions and Non-Health Professions Students: An Open Cohort Study over 14 Months in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Volken¹,

Zysset²,

Amendola³

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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To date, little is known about the long-term trajectory of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms in health professions (HP) students over the course of the pandemic. Like health professionals in general, HP students may have a significantly greater susceptibility to GAD symptoms due to their involvement in the health care system and the associated specific stressors and risks during the COVID-19 pandemic. The HEalth in Students during the Corona pandemic study (HES-C) provided the opportunity to investigate the long-term course of GAD symptoms with eight measurement points over 14 months in 9380 HP and non-HP students in Switzerland between March 2020 and June 2021. We employed logistic regression models with clustered sandwich standard errors to estimate unadjusted and adjusted prevalence of GAD symptoms. In the full model, we adjusted for age, gender, nationality, social status, social support, self-efficacy, and COVID-19 symptoms in the past 4 weeks. At baseline, the estimated adjusted GAD symptom prevalence was 17.6% (95% CI = 14.4–20.7) in HP students and 24.4% (95% CI = 22.3–26.5) in their peers. With the peak of the second SARS-CoV-2 infection wave in October/November 2020, GAD symptom prevalence substantially increased and then remained stable over time, despite changes in the epidemiological situation and its associated containment measures. At the last follow-up in June 2021, GAD symptom prevalence in HP and non-HP students was 22.9% (95% CI = 16.3–29.5) and 36.9% (95% CI = 32.9–40.9), respectively. Absolute differences in GAD symptom prevalence between student groups over all eight measurement points ranged from 6.2% to 14.9% (all p < 0.05). Non-HP students are identified as a specifically vulnerable group. Accordingly, target group-specific public health campaigns and interventions should be developed with the aim to strengthen their resources, reducing GAD symptoms, and preventing chronification.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Measures 221 Outcome: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalized Anxiety among Swiss Health Professions and Non-Health Professions Students: An Open Cohort Study over 14 Months in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Volken¹,

Zysset²,

Amendola³

et al. 2021

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic ( Sahin et al, 2020 ). Certainly, the general public has experienced anxiety, stress, fear, uncertainty, and insecurity as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic ( Zakeri et al, 2021c , f ). In this dire situation, nursing is one of the most important occupational groups, as well as one of the foundations of healthcare organizations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compassion Satisfaction, Compassion Fatigue and Hardiness Among Nurses: A Comparison Before and During the COVID-19 Outbreak

et al. 2022

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BackgroundNurses provide the majority of health-care services and face numerous health challenges during an epidemic. During the COVID-19 epidemic, nurses are subjected to physical, mental, and social disorders that impair their quality of life and hardiness. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the situation of nurses. The current study aimed to compare the compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and hardiness among nurses before and during the COVID-19 outbreak.Materials and MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 508 clinical nurses from one public hospital in southern Iran. The subjects were recruited using census sampling methods in 2019–2020. Sampling was performed before (n = 266) and during the COVID-19 (n = 242) with a 1-year interval. Although, the study setting was the same before and during the COVID-19, questionnaires were completed by different nurses before and during the COVID-19. Demographic questionnaire, professional quality of life (ProQOL) questionnaire and Occupational Hardiness Questionnaire were used to collect data.ResultsThe scores of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and hardiness did not differ significantly during the COVID-19 compared with before the COVID-19 (p > 0.05). Before COVID-19, hardiness and work experience predicted 11% of the variance of compassion satisfaction, whereas during COVID-19, hardiness and gender predicted 26% of the variance of compassion satisfaction. Before COVID-19, hardiness and work experience predicted 3% of the variance of compassion fatigue, whereas during COVID-19, hardiness, type of employment and gender predicted 6% of the variance of compassion fatigue.ConclusionThe current study found that compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and hardiness did not change during the COVID-19 outbreak compared with before the COVID-19 outbreak. However, during the COVID-19, the hardiness was a significant predictor of compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue. The study results showed that it was possible to increase the compassion satisfaction and reduce the compassion fatigue by strengthening the hardiness of nurses. However, these results need to be considered in future studies, especially in crises such as COVID-19 disease.

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“…Certainly, the general public has experienced anxiety, stress, fear, uncertainty, and insecurity as a result of the COVID‐19 pandemic (Zakeri, Hosseini Rafsanjanipoor, Kahnooji, et al, 2021 ; Zakeri, Hosseini Rafsanjanipoor, Sedri, et al, 2021 ). Studies have shown that in times of crisis, particularly infectious crises, psychological responses such as anxiety, depression, stress, and fear can have a negative impact on people's health (Pappas et al, 2009 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety, anger, and mindfulness as predictors of general health in the general population during COVID‐19 outbreak: A survey in southeast Iran

Malakoutikhah

Zakeri

Derakhtanjani

et al. 2021

Journal Community Psychology

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Communities have been exposed to the complications and problems caused by COVID‐19 disease, which has had various and complex effects on general health. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between anxiety, anger, mindfulness, and general health in the general population during the COVID‐19 outbreak in Iran. This cross‐sectional study was performed on 456 participants from September 2020 to April 2021. For data collection, Demographic Characteristics Form, General Health Questionnaire, Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory‐Short Form, The trait anxiety section of the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory, The State‐Trait Anger Expression Inventory‐2 were used. General health was positively correlated with anxiety and anger and negatively correlated with mindfulness. Anxiety was positively correlated with anger and negatively correlated with mindfulness. No significant correlation was found between anger and mindfulness. Based on the multiple regression model, anxiety, anger and a family member infected with COVID‐19 were the predictors of general health ( p < 0.001). Given that anxiety, anger, and family members infected with COVID‐19 are all predictors of public health, it is suggested that psychological programs and interventions be designed to reduce anxiety and anger, as well as to support family members infected with COVID‐19, to promote general health.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Iran

Cited by 27 publications

References 26 publications

Generalized Anxiety among Swiss Health Professions and Non-Health Professions Students: An Open Cohort Study over 14 Months in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Generalized Anxiety among Swiss Health Professions and Non-Health Professions Students: An Open Cohort Study over 14 Months in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Compassion Satisfaction, Compassion Fatigue and Hardiness Among Nurses: A Comparison Before and During the COVID-19 Outbreak

Anxiety, anger, and mindfulness as predictors of general health in the general population during COVID‐19 outbreak: A survey in southeast Iran

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