Generalized Active Power Flow Controller for Multiactive Bridge DC–DC Converters With Minimum-Current-Point-Tracking Algorithm

A Survey on Multi-Active Bridge DC-DC Converters: Power Flow Decoupling Techniques, Applications, and Challenges

“…Many researchers have focused on other challenges in MAB converters, such as efficiency optimization by implementing advanced modulation techniques [9,11,61,63,65,72,79,85,99,110,[118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127], and reducing conduction losses using wide bandgap semiconductors such as Silicon-carbide (SiC)-MOSFETs [39,82,128,129], or employing resonant circuits for reducing switching losses [130][131][132][133]. Others have explored fault ride through and analysis [5,32,50,53,81,134,135], electromagnetic interference, and high-frequency oscillation reduction [136] in MAB converters, these aspects are not reviewed or discussed in this paper.…”

“…The research carried out in [85] proposes an adaptive "step perturb and observe algorithm" for tracking the minimum transformer RMS current to minimize conduction losses by adjusting inner phase shifts and regulating the active power in a QAB converter. The proposed strategy does not require accurate modelling of the converter, and it is LUT-free.…”

“…Since a three-port MAB converter or triple active bridge (TAB) converter can meet the requirements in many applications, it is the most explored type of MAB converter [77]. However, depending on the application, adding more active bridges to achieve a higher number of ports has been proposed, resulting in the quadruple active bridge (QAB) [12,17,23,39,40,43,[46][47][48][49]51,52,[54][55][56][60][61][62]70,[78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90], penta active bridge (PAB) [41], 6-port [91], 10-port [75], and 12-port [35,92,93] MAB converters. Although adding more ports can provide potential advantages over the DAB converter, converter analysis becomes more complicated, and a research gap arises between the conventional DAB and the various MAB converters.…”

“…A combination of conventional decoupling and sliding mode control (SMC) is presented in [86]. Other researchers have proposed alternative solutions such as flatness control [98], black-box neural network (NN)-based approaches [21,91,99], and adaptive control [13,85,100], for example.…”

Model-Free Online Four-Dimensional Ripple Correlation Control for Loss Optimization of Isolated Quad-Active Bridge Converters

“…These modulation strategies primarily employ key concepts for calculating optimum modulation variables, including fundamental component analysis (FCA) [15], time domain analysis (TDA) [23]- [25], frequency domain analysis (FDA) [22], [26], [27], and generalized harmonic approximation (GHA) [28]- [30]. Besides these analytical approaches, alternative methods tackle the complexity of modeling multiple modulation variables by adopting datadriven (DD) approaches, as in [31]- [34], while others utilize model-free strategies based on an online-measured cost functions [35], [36].…”